ÏÅÐÅË²Ê ÄÈÑÖÈÏ˲Í:
  • Àäì³í³ñòðàòèâíå ïðàâî
  • Àðá³òðàæíèé ïðîöåñ
  • Àðõ³òåêòóðà
  • Àñòðîëîã³ÿ
  • Àñòðîíîì³ÿ
  • Áàíê³âñüêà ñïðàâà
  • Áåçïåêà æèòòºä³ÿëüíîñò³
  • Á³îãðàô³¿
  • Á³îëîã³ÿ
  • Á³îëîã³ÿ ³ õ³ì³ÿ
  • Áîòàí³êà òà ñ³ëüñüêå ãîñ-âî
  • Áóõãàëòåðñüêèé îáë³ê ³ àóäèò
  • Âàëþòí³ â³äíîñèíè
  • Âåòåðèíàð³ÿ
  • ³éñüêîâà êàôåäðà
  • Ãåîãðàô³ÿ
  • Ãåîäåç³ÿ
  • Ãåîëîã³ÿ
  • Åòèêà
  • Äåðæàâà ³ ïðàâî
  • Öèâ³ëüíå ïðàâî ³ ïðîöåñ
  • ijëîâîäñòâî
  • Ãðîø³ òà êðåäèò
  • Ïðèðîäíè÷³ íàóêè
  • Æóðíàë³ñòèêà
  • Åêîëîã³ÿ
  • Âèäàâíè÷à ñïðàâà òà ïîë³ãðàô³ÿ
  • ²íâåñòèö³¿
  • ²íîçåìíà ìîâà
  • ²íôîðìàòèêà
  • ²íôîðìàòèêà, ïðîãðàìóâàííÿ
  • Þðèñò ïî íàñëåäñòâó
  • ²ñòîðè÷í³ îñîáèñòîñò³
  • ²ñòîð³ÿ
  • ²ñòîð³ÿ òåõí³êè
  • Êèáåðíåòèêà
  • Êîìóí³êàö³¿ ³ çâ'ÿçîê
  • Êîìï'þòåðí³ íàóêè
  • Êîñìåòîëîã³ÿ
  • Êîðîòêèé çì³ñò òâîð³â
  • Êðèì³íàë³ñòèêà
  • Êðèì³íîëîã³ÿ
  • Êðèïòîëîãèÿ
  • Êóë³íàð³ÿ
  • Êóëüòóðà ³ ìèñòåöòâî
  • Êóëüòóðîëîã³ÿ
  • Ðîñ³éñüêà ë³òåðàòóðà
  • ˳òåðàòóðà ³ ðîñ³éñüêà ìîâà
  • Ëîã³êà
  • Ëîã³ñòèêà
  • Ìàðêåòèíã
  • Ìàòåìàòèêà
  • Ìåäèöèíà, çäîðîâ'ÿ
  • Ìåäè÷í³ íàóêè
  • ̳æíàðîäíå ïóáë³÷íå ïðàâî
  • ̳æíàðîäíå ïðèâàòíå ïðàâî
  • ̳æíàðîäí³ â³äíîñèíè
  • Ìåíåäæìåíò
  • Ìåòàëóðã³ÿ
  • Ìîñêâîâåäåíèå
  • Ìîâîçíàâñòâî
  • Ìóçèêà
  • Ìóí³öèïàëüíå ïðàâî
  • Ïîäàòêè, îïîäàòêóâàííÿ
  •  
    Áåñïëàòíûå ðåôåðàòû
     

     

     

     

     

     

         
     
    Ñõ³äí³ ñëîâ'ÿíè â äðåâíîñò³.Âîçí³êíîâåí³å äåðæàâíîñò³ ó ñõ³äíèõ ñëîâ'ÿí .
         

     

    ²ñòîð³ÿ

                     Óëüÿíîâñüêèé äåðæàâíèé óí³âåðñèòåò
                              þðèäè÷íèé ôàêóëüòåò







                                   ÐÅÔÅÐÀÒ
                             Òðóá÷àíèíîâà Ìàðèíè
                                   ïî òåì³:
                 "ÑÕ²ÄÍÀ ÑËÀÂßÍÅ Ó ÑÒÀÐÎÆÈÒÍÎÑÒ². ÂÈÍÈÊÍÅÍÍß
                        ÄÅÐÆÀÂÍÎÑÒ² ó ñõ³äíèõ ñëîâ'ÿí "






                                Óëüÿíîâñüê 1997.

                              ÏËÀÍ.
                          ===========< br>             I. ²ñòîð³îãðàô³ÿ.
                  1) Ðàíí³ â³äîìîñò³
               II.Ôàêòîðè âïëèâó.
                  1) ãåîãðàô³÷íèé
                     à) çíà÷åííÿ ãðóíòîâèõ ³ áîòîí³÷åñê³õ ñìóã
                     á) âïëèâ ð³÷êîâî¿ ñèñòåìè
                  2) åòí³÷íèé
                  3) ñîö³àëüíèé
                  4) ïîë³òè÷íèé
              III.Äîñëàâÿíñêîå çàñåëåííÿ ï³âäåííî¿ Ðîñ³¿.
                  1) â³äîìîñò³ ïðî ïî÷àòêîâèé çàñåëåííÿ ï³âäåííî¿ Ðóñ³
                  2) äàí³ ïðî íàðîäè ï³âäåííîðóñüêèõ ñòåï³â
                  3) âåðñ³¿ ïðî çâ'ÿçêè íàðîä³â ï³âäåííî¿ Ðóñ³ ç ñëîâ'ÿíàìè
              IV. Ïîõîäæåííÿ ñëîâ'ÿí.
                  1) óÿâëåííÿ ïðî ïîõîäæåííÿ ñëîâ'ÿí.
                     à) Íåñòîð
                     á) Ñèíîïñèñ: ñëîâ'ÿíè ³ ðóñè
                     â) Â. Î. Êëþ÷åâñüêèé
                     ã) À. À. Øàõìàòîâ ³ Ë. Í. Ãóì³ëüîâ
                     ä) Á. À. Ðèáàêîâ
                  2) òåðì³í "ñëîâ'ÿíè"
                  3) ïðàñëîâ'ÿíè
                     à) â³äì³ííîñò³ ì³æ ñëîâ'ÿíàìè
                  4) àðåàë ðîçñåëåííÿ ñëîâ'ÿí
                     à) ïåðø³ çâ³ñòêè ïðî âåíåä³â
                     á) Ïåâò³íãåðîâà Êàðòà
                     â) ñëîâ'ÿíè é àðõåîëîã³÷í³ êóëüòóðè
                     ã) ïåðåì³ùåííÿ íàñåëåííÿ âíàñë³äîê ãóííñüêî¿ íàâàëè
                V. Ðàíí³ â³äîìîñò³ ïðî ñõ³äíèõ ñëîâ'ÿí
                  1) â³çàíò³éñüê³ ³ñòîðèêè VI ñò.
                     à) ñëîâ'ÿíè íà Áàëêàíàõ
                     á) çàõ³äí³ òà ñõ³äí³ ñëîâ'ÿíè
                     â) ðàíí³ ïîë³òè÷í³ îá'ºäíàííÿ ñõ³äíèõ ñëîâ'ÿí
                     ã) àíòñüêîãî ñîþçó
                     ä) àíòè ï³ä âëàäîþ Âåëèêî¿ Áóëãà𳿠³ Õàçàð
                  2) àë-Ìàñóä³ ³ àë-Äæàðìåí
                     à) Âàë³íàíà
                  3) ðóñüêèé ë³òîïèñ
              VI. Ðîçñåëåííÿ ñëîâ'ÿí
                  1) äæåðåëà
                     à) êàðòà ðîçñåëåííÿ ñëîâ'ÿí çà äàíèìè ÏÂË
                     à/ñëîâ'ÿíè íà Äóíà¿
                  2) çëèòòÿ ñëîâ'ÿí ç ð³çíîïëåì³ííèõ íàñåëåííÿì
             VII. Çàíÿòòÿ ñõ³äíèõ ñëîâ'ÿí
                  1) çåìëåðîáñòâî
                  2) ñêîòàðñòâî
                  3) ïðîìèñëè
                  4) òîðã³âëÿ
            VIII. Ñóñï³ëüíèé ëàä ñõ³äíèõ ñëîâ'ÿí
                  1) ðàíí³ êëàñè
                  2) á³ëüø ï³çí³øå ïîä³ë
              IX. Ïðè÷èíè âèíèêíåííÿ äåðæàâè
                  1) ãðîìàäñüêå ïîä³ëó ïðàö³
                  2) ðîçâèòîê åêîíîì³êè
                  3) çàö³êàâëåí³ñòü ñóñï³ëüñòâà â ïîÿâ³ äåðæàâè
              X. Îñâ³òà Äàâíüîðóñüêî¿ äåðæàâè
                  1) ïèòàííÿ ïðî óòâîðåííÿ äåðæàâè
                     à) ëåãåíäà ïðî çàñíóâàííÿ Êèºâà
                     â) â³äîìîñò³ ïðî ðàíí³ êíÿçþâàííÿ
                  2) "âàðÿçüêèé" ïèòàííÿ
                     à) ÏÂË ïðî âàðÿã³â
                     á) ðóñè
                  3) òåðì³í "Ðóñü"


     I. ²ñòî-1.Ðàííüî¿ Ìè ìàºìî äîñèòü ð³çíîìàí³òí³
     Ð²ÎÃÐÀÔ²ß â³äîìîñò³ òà ð³çíîá³÷í³ â³äîìîñò³ ïðî ïåðø³
                                            ñòîë³òòÿõ íàøî¿ ³ñòîð³¿. Òàê³ îñîá-
                                            àëå ³íîçåìí³ èçâåñòèÿ ïàòð³àðõà
                                            Ôîò³ÿ IX ñò. , ³ìïåðàòîðà Êîñòÿíòèíà
                                            Áàãðÿíîðîäíîãî X ñò. ³ Ëüâà Äèÿêîíà X
                                            â., îïîâ³ä³ ñêàíäèíàâñüêèõ ñàã ³ ðÿäó
                                            àðàáñüêèõ ïèñüìåííèê³â òèõ æå ñòîë³òü: ²áí
                                            -Õîðäàäáå, ²áí - Ôàäëàíà, ²áí - Äàñ-
                                            òè, Ìàñóä³ ³í
                                                 Îñíîâíèì æå äæåðåëîì äëÿ âèâ÷åíèé
                                            ÷åííÿ ïåðøîãî ïåð³îäó íàøî¿ ³ñòîð³¿
                                            º Ïî÷àòêîâà ë³òîïèñ. Âîíà
                                            ïðåäñòàâëÿº ñïî÷àòêó ïðåðèâ³ñ-
                                            òèé, àëå, ÷èì äàë³, òèì âñå á³ëüøå ï³ñëÿ-
                                            ïîñë³äîâíî ðîçïîâ³äü ïðî ïåðøèõ äâîõ ç
                                            ïîëîâèíîþ ñòîë³òòÿõ íàøî¿ ³ñòîð³¿.
                                                 Âàæêèõ ïðîáëåì ïåðø
                                            âñüîãî ïðåäñòàâëÿº ³ñòîð³ÿ ðàññåëå³ÿ
                                            ñëîâ'ÿí íà òåðèòî𳿠Âñòî÷íîé ªâðî-
                                            ïè. Ðàí³øå âîíà âèð³øóâàëàñÿ ìàéæå èñêëþ-
                                            âå øëÿõîì àíàë³çó ë³òîïèñíî¿
                                            êîíöåïö³¿, ùî ñêëàëàñÿ äî ïî÷àòêó XII
                                            â. ³ âèêëàäåíèõ ó ÏÂË. Ïîäàííÿ
                                            ïðî âèõ³äíèé ñõ³äíîñëîâ'ÿíñüêîìó
                                            ºäí³ñòü ëÿãëè â îñíîâó ì³öíî óêðå-
                                            ùî ïèâ ó ïðàöÿõ À. À. Øàõìàòîâà
                                            êîíöåïö³¿ ñïî÷àòêó îáìåæåíèé-
                                            íî¿ òåðèòî𳿠ñõ³äíîñëîâ'ÿíñüêîãî
                                            ÿäðà. ³äïîâ³äíî äî ö³º¿ êîíöåï-
                                            ºþ ìàã³ñòðàëüíèé øëÿõ ðîçâèòêó
                                            ñõ³äíèõ ñëîâ'ÿí ó VI-XIII ñò.
                                            óÿâëÿâñÿ äîñë³äíèêàì ÿê
                                            ïðîöåñ ðîçêëàäó âèõ³äíîãî åä³íñ-
                                            òâà (ùî âèçíàâàëîñÿ ³ Â.Î.Êëþ÷åâñ-
                                            êèì), ð³çêî ïîñèëèâñÿ â õîä³ ÔÅÎ-
                                            äàëåêî¿ ðîçäðîáëåíîñò³ ³ îðäèíñ-
                                            êîãî íàâàëè.
                                                 Íå ìåíø ñêëàäíà ïðîáëåìà
                                            íîðìàíñüêèõ ïîë³òè÷íèõ ³ êóëü-
                                            òóðíå âïëèâ³â, ðîëü ÿêèõ
                                            Â. Î. Êëþ÷åâñüêèé í³ÿê íå áóâ ñêëî-
                                            íåí ïåðåá³ëüøóâàòè. Ó ñâî¿õ êðàéí³õ
                                            ïðîÿâàõ íîðìàíñüêèõ òåîð³ÿ
                                            òëóìà÷èòü ë³òîïèñíó ëåãåíäó ïðî ïðèç-
                                            âàííÿ ³íîçåìíèõ êíÿç³â ÿê ñâ³ä÷àòü ïðî "óñï³ø-
                                            áóä³âíèöòâ³ â³äñóòíîñò³ íà Ðóñ³ â íà-
                                            ÷³ëüíîãî ïåð³îä ïðàâîïîðÿäêó, äåð-
                                            äàð÷èìè òà ñàìîñò³éíî¿
                                            êóëüòóðè. Òèì ÷àñîì ³ñòîð³ÿ Íîâãîðîäà
                                            ì³ñòà (òîáòî ò³º¿ òåðèòîð³¿, ç ÿêî¿
                                            áåçïîñåðåäíüî ïîâ'ÿçàíà ëåãåíäà ïðî
                                            ïîêëèêàííÿ), çà íîâ³òí³ìè àðõåîëîãè-
                                            íîãî äàíèìè, â³äîáðàæຠàáñîëþòíî
                                            ³íøèé ïðîöåñ, í³æ â³í ì³ã ïðåä-
                                            âèòèñÿ Â. Î. Êëþ÷åâñüêîãî.
                                                 Ðîçãëÿäàþ÷è â "Ëåêö³ÿõ ç
                                            ðîñ³éñüêî¿ ³ñòî𳿠"ïèòàííÿ ïðî îáðàçî-
                                            âàííÿ Êè¿âñüêîãî ãîñ-âà, Ïëàòîíîâ
                                            ñë³äîì çà Êëþ÷åâñüêèé éøîâ âðîçð³ç ç
                                            óÿâëåííÿìè ïðèõèëüíèê³â ãîñ-î¿
                                            øêîëè, ÿê³ âáà÷àëè â äðåâ-
                                            í³é Ðóñ³ ïàíóâàííÿ "ðîäîâîãî ïîáóòó".
                                            Íà éîãî äóìêó, îñíîâíèìè ïðè÷èíà-
                                            ìè âèíèêíåííÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííñò³
                                            ó äàâíüîìó Êèºâ³ áóâ ðîçâèòîê òîð-
                                            Ãàóë³ò, çåìëåðîáñòâà, ³íøèõ ôîðì õî-
                                            çÿéñòâåííîé ä³ÿëüíîñò³.
                                            Íàïðèê³íö³ XIX - ïî÷àòêó XX ñò. â
                                            ë³áåðàëüíî¿ àêàäåì³÷í³é íàóö³
                                            âèÿâèëàñÿ òåíäåíö³ÿ ð³øåííÿ
                                            "âàðÿçüêîãî ïèòàííÿ" íà êîðèñòü ñëà-
                                            Âÿíñêÿ ïîõîäæåííÿ Ðóñ³, êîòî-
                                            ðàþ ïîÿñíþâàëàñÿ ïîÿâîþ íîâèõ
                                            ï³äõîä³â äî äîñë³äæóâàíî¿ ïðîáëåìè.
                                            Ì. À. Àëïàòîâ ïîâ'ÿçóº âîçí³êíîâå-
                                            íÿ íîâîãî ï³äõîäó ç ³ìåíàìè
                                            Â. Î. Êëþ÷åâñüêîãî ³ À. À. Øàõìàòîâà.
                                            Â³í ïîä÷åðê³àåò, ùî Øàõìàòîâ ³ êëþ-
                                            åâñê³é íàìàãàëèñÿ çðîçóì³òè ñàìîãî ëå-
                                            òîï³ñöà, âèâ÷èòè, â ÿêèõ óìîâàõ
                                            â³í æèâ, ÿê³ ïðîáëåìè ñîâðåìåí-
                                            íîñò³ éîãî òóðáóâàëè, ÷îìó â³í ³ìåí-
                                            àëå òàê ðåêîíñòðóþâàâ ïî䳿
                                            ìèíóëîãî.

     II.ÔÀÊÒÎ-1. Ãåîãð-à) çíà÷åííÿ Òðè ãåîãðàô³÷í³ îñîáëèâîñò³, áëà-
     Ðè ÂÏËÈÂÀª-ô³÷åñê³é ãðóíòîâèõ ãîïð³ÿòíèõ äëÿ óìîâ ³ñòîðè÷íî¿
     Í³ÿ: ³ Áîòàíè-æèòòÿ êðà¿íè:
                              ÷åñüêèõ ïî-1) ¿¿ ïîä³ë íà ãðóíòîâ³ é Áîòàíè-
                              ëîñ. îð³ºí ñìóãè ç íåîäíàêîâèì ñîñò-
                                            âîì ãðóíòó ³ íåîäíàêîâîþ ðîñëèíí³ñòþ
                                            í³ñòþ;
                                             2) ïåðåä òèì ÿê ¿¿ âîäíî¿ ìåðåæ³ ç ðàç-
                                            íîñòîðîíí³ì³ íàïðÿìêàìè ð³÷îê ³
                                            âçàºìíî¿ áëèçüê³ñòþ ð³÷êîâèõ áàñåéí³â;
                                             3) çàãàëüíèé áîòàí³÷íèé ³ ã³äðîãðàô³¿-
                                            íèé íà öåíòðàëüíîìó ïðîñòîð³
    .
                              â) âïëèâ Ïî âåëèêèõ ð³÷êàõ ÿê ãîëîâíèì
                              ð³÷êîâèé òîðãîâèõ øëÿõàõ ãóñò³øàëà íàñåëåííÿ,
                              ñèñòåìè ÿêà áðàëà íàéá³ëüø ä³ÿëüíó ó÷àñ-
                                            íåííÿ â òîðãîâîìó ðóñ³, ðàíî òóò
                                            çàâ'ÿçàâñÿ, ïî íèõ âèíèêàëè òîðãî-
                                            ø³ çîñåðåäæåííÿ, íàéäàâí³ø³ ðóññ-
                                            Åëåêòðè÷í³ ì³ñòà; íàñåëåííÿ, â³ä íèõ âèëó÷åíî-
                                            íîå, áóëî ç õë³áîðîáñòâà ³
                                            ë³ñîâèõ ïðîìèñëàõ, äîñòàâëÿëè âè-
                                            âîçíèåñòàòü³ ïðèð³÷êîâèõ òîðãîâöÿì
                                            (ìåä, â³ñê, õóòðà). Ïðè òàêîìó âïëèâ³ íà
                                            íàðîäîõîçÿéñòâåííèé îáì³í ð³÷êè ðàíî
                                            îòðèìàëè ùå á³ëüø âàæëèâå ïîë³òè÷-
                                            äåùî çíà÷åí³å.Ðå÷íèì³ áàñåéíàìè íàï-
                                            ðàâëÿëîñü ãåîãðàô³÷íå ðîçì³ùåííÿ
                                            íàñåëåííÿ, à öèì ðîçì³ùåííÿì âèçíà-
                                            ëÿëîñü ïîë³òè÷íèé ïîä³ë êðà¿íè.
                                            Ñëóæà÷è ãîòîâèìè ïåðâ³ñíèìè äîðî-
                                            ãàìè, ð³÷êîâ³ áàñåéíè ñâî¿ìè ðîçíîñ-
                                            òîðîíó ðîçñ³þâàëè íàñåëåííÿ ïî
                                            ñâî¿ì ã³ëêàì. Ç öèõ áàñåéí³â ðàíî
                                            ïîçíà÷èëèñÿ ð³çí³ ì³ñöåâ³ ãðóï-
                                            ïè íàñåëåííÿ, ïëåìåíà, íà ÿê³
                                            ñòàðîäàâíÿ ë³òîïèñ ä³ëèòü ðîñ³éñüêå ñëà-
                                            âÿíñòâî IX-X ñò; ïî íèõ æå ñêëàëèñÿ
                                            ïîò³ì ïîë³òè÷í³ îáëàñò³, çåìë³, íà
                                            ÿê³ äîâãî ä³ëèëàñÿ ñòðàíà.Âçà³ì-
                                            âà áëèçüê³ñòü ãîëîâíèõ ð³÷êîâèõ áàñåéí³â
                                            ð³âíèíè çà ñïðèÿííÿ îäíàêîâî¿
                                            ôîðìè ïîâåðõí³ íå ïîçâàëÿåò ðàç-
                                            ì³ùàí ïî íèõ ÷àñòèíàì íàñåëåííÿ
                                            â³äîêðåìëþâàòèñÿ îäèí â³ä îäíîãî, çàìèêàòèñÿ
                                            â ³çîëüîâàí³ ã³äðîãðàô³÷í³
                                            êë³òèíè, ï³äòðèìóâàëà ñï³ëêóâàííÿ ì³æ
                                            íèìè.

                   2) Åòí³÷åñ-Ëþäè, ÿê³ íàñåëÿëè ï³âí³÷ ³ öåíòð
                   êèé. Ñõ³äíî-ªâðîïåéñüêî¿ ð³âíèíè â I
                                            òèñ. äî Ð.Õ., ãîâîðèëè íà ³íäîåâðî-
                                            ïåéñüêèõ ³ ô³ííîóãîðñê³õ ìîâàìè. ² â
                                            òîé ÷àñ, ³ â íàñòóïí³ ñòîë³òòÿ íå á-
                                            ëî âèðàçíîãî ç'ºäíàííÿ ³ ðîçìåæóº-
                                            âàííÿ ïëåìåí çà ìîâíîþ îçíàêîþ;
                                            ïëåìåíà âîðîãóâàëè àáî ï³äòðèìóþ÷è-
                                            ×è äîáðîñóñ³äñüê³ â³äíîñèíè, íå ïðè-
                                            äàþ÷è ïåðøîðÿäíîãî çíà÷åííÿ Åòí³-
                                            íîãî â³äì³ííîñòåé àáî ñõîæîñò³.

                   3) Ñîö³ëü-ïîçíà÷èòüñÿ ùå â åïîõó
                   íèé. áðîíçè, â II òèñ. äî Ð.Õ., ïîä³ë
                                            ïëåìåí íà îñ³ë³ çåìëåðîáñüê³ ³
                                            êî÷îâ³ ñêîòàðñüê³ ³ñòîòíî
                                            âïëèâàëî íà äîë³ öèõ ïëåìåí,
                                            àëå íå áóëî í³ àáñîëþòíèì, í³ çàê³í÷åíí³
                                            ò³ëüíèõ.
                                                 Á³ëüø ìîá³ëüí³ ³ âíàñë³äîê
                                            öüîãî á³ëüø âîéîâíè÷³ ñêîòîâîä÷åñ-
                                            Åëåêòðè÷í³ ïëåìåíà â³ê çà â³êîì ïîâ³ëüíî
                                            ïðîñóâàëèñÿ ïî ñòåïàõ ªâðà糿 ç âîñ-
                                            ñòðóìó íà çàõ³ä; áàãàòî õòî ç öèõ ïëåìåí
                                            ïîäîâãó çàòðèìóâàëèñÿ ó ïðèêàñï³éñüêèõ
                                            ³ ïðè÷îðíîìîðñüêèõ îáëàñòÿõ. Äîñòàòí³é-
                                            àëå ïîøèðåíèì ÿâèùåì áóâ ïå-
                                            ðåõîä êî÷îâèê³â äî îñ³ëîñò³; ï³ä íà-
                                            òèñêîì íîâèõ ïðèáóëüö³â îñ³ë³ àáî
                                            íàï³âîñ³ë³ ïëåìåíà ÷àñîì áóâàëè âè-
                                            ïîòðåáè çàëèøàòè çâè÷í³ ì³ñöÿ
                                            ïðîæèâàííÿ ³ ïîâåðòàòèñÿ äî êî÷îâîãî
                                            ñïîñîáó æèòòÿ.
                                                 Çåìëåðîáñüê³ ïëåìåíà òåæ
                                            äàëåêî íå çàâæäè ìîãëè ðîçðàõîâóâàòè
                                            íà ñïîê³éíå ³ áåçá³äíå ñóùåñòâîâà-
                                            íÿ â ðàç îáðàí³é ì³ñöåâîñò³. ²ñòî-
                                            ùåííÿ ãðóíò³â àáî ïîÿâà ìîæó-
                                            ñóñï³ëüíèõ âîðîã³â áóëè íàéá³ëüø ãîäèíó-
                                            òèìè ïðè÷èíàìè ïåðåñåëåííÿ çåìëå-
                                            ä³ëê³â.

                  4) Ïîëèòè-Ñêëàäíå âçàºìîä³ÿ îñ³äàþ÷è-
                  òè÷í³ ëîãî ï³âíî÷³ ³ êî÷îâîãî ï³âäíÿ Ñõ³äíî¿
                                            ªâðîïè áàãàòî â ÷îìó âèçíà÷èëî ñâîºð³äíà-
                                            ðàç³å ³ñòîðè÷íîãî ðîçâèòêó ðåã³îíó.
                                            ² â³éñüêîâ³ ñóòè÷êè, ³ íàá³ãè, ³ ïîë³òè-
                                            îð³ºí ñï³ëêè, ³ òîðãîâåëüí³ îòíîòîøåí³ÿ
                                            ñòåïîâèê³â ³ ë³ñîâèõ æèòåë³â - âñå öå
                                            âïëèâàëî íà æèòòÿ ñëîâ'ÿí. Ïðè
                                            öüîìó "ë³ñ" ³ "ñòåï" íå çàëèøàëèñÿ íå-
                                            çì³íèòüñÿ; â ¿õ ïîñò³éíîìó ïðîòè䳿
                                            áîðñòâå ³ ìèðíîìó ñï³ëêóâàíí³ ñêëàäàþ÷è-
                                            ëèñü ³ ðóéíóâàëèñÿ ñîþçè ïëåìåí, çà-
                                            ÷àñòó âáèðàëè â ñåáå ³íøîìîâí³
                                            ãðóïè.

     III. ÄÎ-1) ³äîìîñò³ Ùî ðîçóì³òè ï³ä ïî÷àòêîì ³ñòî-
     ÑËÀÂßÍÑ - ïðî ïåðâîíàõ-𳿠ÿêîãî-íåáóäü íàðîäó? Ç ÷îãî ïî÷èíàþòü
     ÊÎÅ Çàñººâ-÷³ëüíîãî íàòü ³ñòîð³þ? Ñòàðîäàâí³ ãðåöüê³ ³
     Ëåí³º ÐÓ-çàñåëåíí³ ðèìñüê³ ïèñüìåííèêè ïîâ³äîìëÿþòü íàì ïðî
     Ñ². ϳâäåííî¿ Ðó-ï³âäåíí³é ÷àñòèí³ ñó÷àñíî¿ Ðîñ³¿ ðÿä
                  ñ³. çâ³ñòîê, íåîäíàêîâî äîñòîâ³ðíèõ,
                                            îòðèìàíèõ íèìè çà ïîñåðåäíèöòâîì ãðåêî-
                                            ÷åñüêèõ êîëîí³é ïî ï³âí³÷íèõ áåðåã³â
                                            ×îðíîãî ìîðÿ â³ä êóïö³â ÷è ó ïðèâàòíèõ
                                            ñïîñòåðåæåííÿìè.
                                                  Äî íàøî¿ åðè ð³çí³ Êî÷å-
                                            ø³ íàðîäè, ÿê³ ïðèõîäèëè ³ À糿, ä-
                                            ïîäñòâîâàë³ òóò îäèí çà îäíèì, íå-
                                            êîëè ê³ììåð³àíå, ïîò³ì ïðè Ãå-
                                            ðîäîòå ñê³ôè, ï³çí³øå, çà ÷àñ³â
                                            ðèìñüêîãî âäàäè÷åñòâà, ñàðìàòè.
                                                  Áëèçüêî ïî÷àòêó íàøî¿ åðè çì³íà
                                            ïðèáóëüö³â ÷àñò³øàº, íîìåíêëàòóðà
                                            âàðâàð³â â ñòàðîäàâí³é Ñê³ô³¿ ñòàº
                                            ñêëàäí³øå, çàïëóòàí³øå. Ñàðìàò³â Çì³íà-
                                            ×è àáî ç íèõ âèä³ëèëèñÿ ãåòè, ÿçèãè,
                                            ðîêñàëàíè, àëàíè, áàñòàðíè, äàêè. Ö³
                                            íàðîäè òîâïëÿòüñÿ ïî íèæíüîìó Äóíàþ, äî
                                            ï³âí³÷íèì ìåæ ðèìñüêî¿ ³ìïåð³¿,
                                            ³íîä³ âòðó÷àþòüñÿ â ¿¿ îáëàñò³, ñêó-
                                            ×³âàí â ì³øàíèíó ðàññèï÷à-
                                            ò³ ãðîìàäè, óòâîðþþòü ì³æ Äí³ïðîì-
                                            ðîì ³ Äóíàºì âåëèê³, àëå ñêîðîïðå-
                                            ò³, õòî õîäèòü âîëîä³ííÿ, ÿê³ áóëè öàðñ-
                                            òâà ãåò³â, ïîò³ì äàê³â òà ðîêñàëàí, êî-
                                            ìåíòó, êîòðèì ðèìëÿíè íàâ³òü çìóøåí³ á-
                                            ×è ïëàòèòè äàíèíó ³ â³äêóï. Âèäíî, ùî
                                            ï³äãîòîâëÿëè âåëèêå ïåðåñåëåííÿ
                                            íàðîä³â.
                                                   Ï³âäåííà ÷àñòèíà ñó÷àñíî¿ Ðîñ-
                                            îö³ ñëóæèëà äëÿ öèõ àç³àòñüêèõ ïðè-
                                            øåëüöåâ òèì÷àñîâî¿ ñòîÿíêîþ, íà êîòî-
                                            ð³é âîíè ãîòóâàëèñÿ ç³ãðàòè òó ÷è
                                            ³íøó ºâðîïåéñüêó ðîëü, ïðîáðàâøèñü
                                            äî íèæíüîãî Äóíàþ àáî ïåðåâàëèâøè çà
                                        Êàðïàòè.

                 2) Äàí³ Ö³ íàðîäè, ëàíöþãîì ìèíóë³
                 ïðî íàðîäè ïðîòÿãîì ñòîë³òü çà ï³âäåííî-ðóññ-
                 ï³âäåííî-ðóñ-êèì ñòåïàõ, çàëèøèëè òóò ï³ñëÿ ñåáå
                 ñêèõ ñòå-÷èñëåíí³ êóðãàíè, ÿêèìè óñå-
                 ïèé ÿíè áóëè âåëèê³ ïðîñòîðè
                                            ì³æ Äí³ñòðîì ³ Êóáàííþ, ÿâëÿþù³-
                                            åñÿ íà äàíèé ìîìåíò îá'ºêòàìè äîïîì³æí³-
                                            ëåäîâàí³ÿ àðõåîëî㳿, ðåçóëüòàòè êî-
                                            òîðèõ ïîïîâíþþòü ³ ïðîÿñíþþòü îïèñè-
                                            íÿ äàâíüîãðåöüêèõ ïèñüìåííèê³â. Íåêî-
                                            òîðèå íàðîäè, äîâãî çàãîþþòüñÿ â
                                            ïð³ïîíò³éñê³õ ñòåïàõ, íàïðèêëàä ñê³-
                                            ôû, âõîäèëè ÷åðåç òóòåøí³ êîëîí³¿ â
                                            äîñèòü ò³ñíå ç³òêíåííÿ ç
                                            àíòè÷íî¿ êóëüòóðîþ.

                 3) Âåðñ³¿ Âñ³ ö³ äàí³ ìàþòü âåëèêó ïðî-
                 ïðî çâ'ÿçîê ùå³ñòîð³÷åñêóþ ö³íó, à âîíè â³äíîñÿòü-
                 íàðîä³â ñÿ á³ëüøå äî ³ñòî𳿠íàøî¿ êðà¿íè,
                 Ï³âäåííî¿ Ðó-í³æ äî ³ñòî𳿠íàøîãî íàðîäó. Íàóêà
                 ñ³ ç ñëà-ïîêè íå â çìîç³ âëîâèòè äîñòàòí³é-
                 âÿíàì³ àëå ïðÿìîãî çâ'ÿçêó öèõ àç³àòñüêèõ ïîñå-
                                            ò³òåëåé ï³âäåíí³é Ðóñ³ ç ñëîâ'ÿíñüêèì íà-
                                            ñåëèùåì, ï³çí³øå òóò ç'ÿâëÿþòüñÿ-
                                            ñÿ ÿê ³ âïëèâó ¿õ õóäîæí³õ
                                            çàïîçè÷åíü ³ êóëüòóðíèõ óñï³õ³â
                                            íà ïîáóò ñõ³äíèõ ñëîâ'ÿí. Ïðèñóòíîñò³
                                            ñëîâ'ÿí ñåðåä öèõ äðåâí³õ íàðîä³â íå-
                                            ïîì³òíî. ²ñòîðè÷íà åòíîãð-
                                            ôèÿ, âèâ÷àþ÷è ïîõîäæåííÿ âñ³õ öèõ
                                            íàðîä³â íàìàãàëàñÿ ç'ÿñóâàòè, ÿê³ ç
                                            íèõ íàëåæàëè äî êåëüòñüêîãî òà Êà-
                                            Åëåêòðè÷í³ äî í³ìåöüêîãî àáî ñëîâ'ÿíñüêîìó
                                            ïëåìåí³. Îäíàê ö³ ïëåì³íí³ ãðóï-
                                            ïè, íà ÿê³ òåïåð ä³ëèòüñÿ ºâðî-
                                            ïåéñüêèõ íàñåëåííÿ, íå ìຠáóäü-ÿêå
                                            ïåðâ³ñíå îäâ³÷íå ïîä³ë ÷åëîâå-
                                            ïðà ö³: âîíî ñêëàëîñÿ ³ñòîðè÷íî ³
                                            â³äîêðåìèëèñÿ ñâîãî ÷àñó êîæíå. Çà
                                            äóìêó Êëþ÷åâñüêîãî, ÿêùî ö³ ïëåìåíà-
                                            íà ³ ìàëè ñï³ëüíèé ãåíåòè÷íèé çâ'ÿçîê
                                            ç ï³çí³øèì íàñåëåííÿ ªâðîïè, òî
                                            îêðåìèì ºâðîïåéñüêèì íàðîäàì
                                            âàæêî çíàéòè ñåðåä íèõ ñâî¿õ ïðÿìèõ
                                            ïðåäê³â ³ ç íèõ ïî÷èíàòè ñâîþ ³ñòî-
                                            ð³þ.


     IV.ÏÐβÑ-1) ïðåäñ-à) Íåñòîð Ç ïèòàííÿ ïðî ïîõîäæåííÿ ³
     ÕÎIJÍÍß òàâëåí³ÿ ïðî íàéäàâí³øî¿ ³ñòî𳿠ñõ³äíèõ ñëîâ'ÿí
     ÑËÎÂ'ßÍ. ïîõîäæó - ñóøåñòâóåò áàãàòî ð³çíèõ ïðåäñòàâëåííÿ
                 äåí³³ ñëà-òàâëåí³é.
                 âÿí ˳òîïèñåöü Íåñòîð ââàæàâ, ùî
                                            ñïî÷àòêó ñëîâ'ÿíè æèëè â Öåíò-
                                            ðàëüíèé òà Ñõ³äí³é ªâðîï³ ïðèáëèçíî
                                            â³ä Åëüáè äî Äí³ïðà ³ ëèøå â ïåðøîìó
                                            ñòîë³òòÿõ íàøî¿ åðè çàñåëèëè áàñåéí Äó-
                                            âà ³ Áàëêàíñüêèé ï³âîñòð³â.

                              á) Ñèíîï - Íàéá³ëüø ðîçïîâñþäæåíèé â
                              ñèñ: ïðîñëàâëÿþ÷è-XVIII ñò. òåîð³ÿ ïîõîäæåííÿ ñëîâ'ÿí
                              íå è ðóñè îòðèìàëà ñâîº â³äîáðàæåííÿ â ïåðøó
                                            ðîñ³éñüêîþ äðóêîâàíîìó ï³äðó÷íèêó ç ³ñòî-
                                            ð³¿, òàê çâàíèì Ñèíîïñèñó, âè-
                                            éøëî â 70-³ ðð.. XVII ñò .. Âîíà ñêëàäàºòüñÿ
                                            â íàñòóïíîìó: àâòîðè, ïðèòðèìóþòü-
                                            ù³åñÿ ö³º¿ òåîð³¿, ïðîâîäÿòü ÷³òêå
                                            ïîä³ë ì³æ ñëîâ'ÿíàìè ³ ðóñà-
                                            ìè. Ðóñè, íà äóìêó öèõ àâòîð³â, áî-
                                            ëå¿ ñòàðîäàâí³é íàðîä. ¯õ êîð³ííÿ ç Ìåññå-
                                            ïàòòàì³³; âîíè ïîõîäÿòü â³ä á³áëåéñ-
                                            êèõ ãåðî¿â: ñèíà Íîÿ ßôåòà ³ Ìîñîõà,
                                            ÿêèé áóâ ïåðøèì ïàòð³àðõîì ðó-
                                            ñîâ. Ïàì'ÿòü ïðî öüîãî ãåðîÿ, íà äóìêó
                                            àâòîð³â, çáåð³ãàëàñÿ â ðîñ³éñüêîãî íàðîäó ³
                                            áóëà çàïå÷åòëåíà â íàçâ³ ñòîëèö³
                                            ðîñ³éñüêî¿ äåðæàâè - Ìîñêâ³. Ïîñò-
                                            ï³ííî ðóñè ðîçñåëèëèñÿ ïî òåðèòîð³¿
                                            ªâðîïè. ²ñíóº íàâ³òü òàêå ìåí³-
                                            Ðîçóì³ííÿ, ùî â ïåâíèé ìîìåíò ðóñè
                                            ñêëàäàëè á³ëüø³ñòü íàñåëåííÿ ªâ-
                                            ðîïè, çîêðåìà, òàê çâàíèõ
                                            åòðóñê³â - æèòåë³â ²òà볿 âèâîäèòü
                                            â³ä ðóñ³â, í³áèòî öå çàøèôðîâàíå
                                            ³ì'ÿ ðóñ³â. Ñëîâ'ÿíè æ íàáàãàòî ìåíø
                                            ñòàðîäàâí³é íàðîä, ùî â³äíîñèòüñÿ äî ²íäî-
                                            ðîïåéñêîé ñ³ì'¿ íàðîä³â. Íà ïî÷àòêó íà-
                                            øåé åðè ðóñè çà ïðèïóùåííÿì òèõ
                                            æå ñàìèõ àâòîð³â, çàéìàëè òåðèòî-
                                            ð³þ ïî Äóíàþ ³ Äí³ïðó.


                               â) Â.Î.Êëþ-Â. Î. Êëþ÷åâñüêèé, ñë³ä ³çâåñ-
                               ÷åâñê³é. ò³ÿì ãîòñüêîãî ³ñòîðèêà Éîðäàíà: ïåð-
                                            âîíà÷àëüíî ñëîâ'ÿíè çàéìàëè Êàðïàòñ-
                                            êèé êðàé. ³í íàçèâຠÊàðïàòè îáùåñ-
                                            ëàâÿíñê³ì ãí³çäîì, ç ÿêîãî âïîñ-
                                            ëåäñòâ³³ ñëîâ'ÿíè ðîç³éøëèñÿ â ð³çí³
                                            ñòîðîíè.

                              ã) À.À.Øàõ-Àêàäåì³ê À. À. Øàõìàòîâ, ÷èº
                              ìàò³â ³ äóìêà ï³äòðèìóº òàêîæ Ë.Ãóì³-
                              Ë. Í. Ãóì³ - ëåâ, âèâ÷àþ÷è ë³òîïèñè, äîñë³-
                              ëåâ äìó÷è ³ñòîð³þ ðîñ³éñüêî¿ ìîâè ³ éîãî ä³à-
                                            ëåêòè, ïðèéøîâ äî âèñíîâêó, ùî ñòàðîäàâí³
                                            ñëîâ'ÿíè çàðîäèëèñÿ ó âåðõ³â'ÿõ ³ñëè,
                                            íà áåðåãàõ Òèñè òà íà ñõèëàõ Êàðïàò
                                            (ñó÷àñíà ñõ³äíà Óãîðùèíà òà ïä-
                                            âà Ïîëüùà).

                              ä) Á.À.Ðè-Á. À. Ðèáàêîâ, â³äêèäàþ÷è âñ³ ïðèç-
                              áàê³â âàíí³ ³ íåíàçâàí³ òî÷êè çîðó,
                                            â³äñòîþº ñâîþ. Ó â³ääàëåíó åïîõó
                                            ó ϳâäåííî-Ñõ³äí³é ªâðîï³ ³ â Ìàë³é
                                            À糿 æèëè ñïîð³äíåí³ ïëåìåíà -
                                            ïðåäêè ³íäîºâðîïåéñüêèõ íàðîä³â.
                                            Çàñîáîì ñï³ëêóâàííÿ ó íèõ áóâ ïðè-
                                            ì³ò³âíèé ìîâó ç íåâåëèêèì ê³ëüê³ñíèõ-
                                            âîì ñë³â. Ïîçäíååâ, â ïåð³îä íåîë³òó ³
                                            ïðîòÿãîì áðîíçîâîãî ñòîë³òòÿ, Ö³ ïëåìåíà
                                            ñòàëè ðîçñåëÿòèñÿ, çâ'ÿçîê ì³æ íèìè
                                            ñëàáøàëà ³ âèÿâëÿëèñÿ äåÿê³,
                                            ñïî÷àòêó äóæå íåçíà÷í³
                                            îñîáëèâîñò³ â ìîâ³, ñòâîðèëèñÿ ìîâíî-
                                            ø³ ãðóïè, ùî â³äîáðàæàëè âæå ³íøó
                                            óãðóïîâàííÿ ñòàðîäàâí³õ ïëåìåí. Ïðåäê³â
                                            ñëîâ'ÿí éìîâ³ðíî çíàéòè ñåðåä
                                            ïëåìåí áðîíçîâîãî â³êó, ùî íàñåëÿëè
                                            áàñåéíè Îäðè, ³ñëè ³ Äí³ïðà. Ó òîé
                                            æå ÷àñ ùå íå áóëî ïîä³ëó ñëà-
                                            âÿí ç ìîâè íà çàõ³äíèõ ³ ñõ³äíèõ
                                            ñëîâ'ÿí. Ö³ëêîì éìîâ³ðíî, âêàçóþ÷è-
                                            åò Ðèáàêîâ ïðî ïðåäê³â ñëîâ'ÿí ãîâîðèòü
                                            Ãåðîäîò, îïèñóþ÷è çåìëåðîáñüê³
                                            ïëåìåíà Ñåðåäíüîãî Ïîäí³ïðîâ'ÿ â V âå-
                                            êå äî í.å. Îííàçèâàåò ¿õ "ñêîëîòàìè"
                                            àáî "áîðèñôåí³òàìè", â³äçíà÷àþ÷è, ùî
                                            ãðåêè ïîìèëêîâî çàðàõîâóþòü ¿õ äî ñê³-
                                            ôàì, õî÷à ñê³ôè çîâñ³ì íå çíàëè
                                            çåìëåðîáñòâà. Àêàäåì³ê âèçíàº, ùî
                                            ïðîáëåìà ïîõîäæåííÿ ñëîâ'ÿí º-
                                            ºòüñÿ äóæå ñêëàäíîþ; òóò áàãàòî ñïîð-
                                            íèõ ïèòàíü, ÿêèõ ïð. å ñë³äóþòü ³ñòî-
                                            Ð³êè ë³íãâ³ñòè, àíòðîïîëîãè ³ àðõåî-
                                            ëîãè.

                 2) Òåðì³í Ñàì òåðì³í "ñëîâ'ÿíè" äî öèõ
                 "ñëîâ'ÿíè" ïîð çàäîâ³ëüíî íå ïîÿñíåí³.
                                            Ìîæëèâî, â³í ïîâ'ÿçàíèé ç³ "ñëîâîì", ³
                                            òàê íàø³ ïðåäêè ìîãëè ³ìåíóâàòè ñåáå
                                            íà â³äì³íó â³ä ³íøèõ íàðîä³â, ìîâà êîòî-
                                            ÿêèõ âîíè íå ðîçóì³ëè (í³ìö³). Ç òà-
                                            êèì ÿâèùåì ìè çóñòð³÷àºìîñÿ íå òîëü-
                                            äî â ñëîâ'ÿíñüêîìó ñâ³ò³. ³äîìî, ùî
                                            àðàáè â VII-VIII ââ.íàçèâàë³ âñå ïðî-
                                            ÷³å íàðîäè, íå ðîçóì³ëè ¿õíüî¿ ìîâè,
                                            àäæàìàì³, òîáòî íåàðàáàì³, áóêâàëüíî
                                            í³ìèìè, áåññëîâåñòíèì³ (í³ìöÿìè).
                                            Ï³çí³øå òàêèé òåðì³í ñòàâ çàñòîñîâóâàòèñÿ
                                            âèêëþ÷íî äî ³ðàíö³â. Ö³êàâî,
                                            ùî çã³äíî Ïðîêîï³ÿ Êåñàð³éñüêîãî
                                            (VI ñò.), Äîñèòü åðóäîâàíèì ïèñà-
                                            òåëþ, ñëîâ'ÿíè íàçèâàëèñÿ ïåðø çà ñïî-
                                            ðàìè, à ïðè Éîðäàí³ ô³ãóðóº êà-
                                            êîé-òî íàðîä Ñïîëîì, ç ÿêèì âî¿â-
                                            ×è ãîòè. Ðîçøèôðóâàòè ö³ ïîíÿòòÿ
                                            íåìîæëèâî ïðè íàøîìó ñòàí³ çíà-
                                            íèé, àëå, î÷åâèäíî, òåðì³í "ñëîâ'ÿíè"
                                            âèíèê íå â³äðàçó é íå ðàïòîì ñòàâ çàãàëüíî-
                                            âæèâàíîþ. Ìîæëèâî, äðåâ-
                                            äàëüøî¿ íàçâà áóëà âñå-òàêè âåí³-
                                            äè: ñàìå òàê ³ìåíóâàëè ñëîâ'ÿí ¿õ
                                            íàéäàâí³ø³ ñóñ³äè ³ç çàõîäó - ãåðìàí-
                                            öè ³, çäàºòüñÿ, ñõ³äí³ áàëòè. Àëå
                                            òàê ìîãëà íàçèâàòèñÿ òà ÷àñòèíà ïðåäê³â
                                            ñëîâ'ÿí, òîä³ ÿê ³íø³ ìîãëè íîñèòè
                                            ³íø³ íàéìåíóâàííÿ. ² ëèøå ï³çí³øå
                                            (V-VI ñò.) Óòâåðäèëàñÿ çàãàëüíà íàçâà
                                            "Ñëîâ'ÿíè" (ñëîâåíè).

                 3) Ïðàñëîâ-à) â³äì³ííîñòåé Çíàéîìëÿ÷èñü ç íàéäàâí³øèìè îïè-
                 âÿíå. ÷èÿ ì³æ ñàí³ÿì³ íàøî¿ êðà¿íè, ìè àæ äî
                              ñëîâ'ÿíàìè ïåðøèõ ñòîë³òü íàøî¿ åðè íå çíàéäåìî
                                            â íèõ íàâ³òü çãàäêè ³ìåí³ ñëîâ'ÿí.
                                                 Ïåðø çà âñå ñõ³äí³ ñëîâ'ÿíè
                                            âèíèêëè â ðåçóëüòàò³ çëèòòÿ òàê íà-
                                            çâàíå ïðàñëîâ'ÿí, íîñ³¿ ñëà-
                                            Âÿíñêÿ ïðîìîâè, ç ð³çíèìè ³íøèìè
                                            åòíîñàìè Ñõ³äíî¿ ªâðîïè. Öèì
                                            ïîÿñíþºòüñÿ òîé ôàêò, ùî ïðè âñ³é
                                            ñõîæîñò³ ìîâè òà åëåìåíò³â êóëüòó-
                                            ðè, ç íèì ïîâ'ÿçàíèõ, â ³íøîìó
                                            ì³æ ñëîâ'ÿíñüêèìè íàðîäàìè º
                                            ñåðéîçí³ â³äì³ííîñò³, íàâ³òü ç àíòðîïî-
                                            ëîã³÷íîãî òèïó - òàêîãî ðîäó â³äì³ííîñòåé
                                            ÷èÿ º âñåðåäèí³ îêðåìèõ ãðóï òèõ
                                            ÷è ³íøèõ ñõ³äíîñëîâ'ÿíñüêèõ íàðî-
                                            äîâ. Íå ìåíø ³ñòîòíà â³äì³íí³ñòü
                                            âèÿâëÿºòüñÿ â ñôåð³ ìàòåð³àëüíî¿
                                            êóëüòóðè, îñê³ëüêè ñëàâÿí³ç³ðîâàí-
                                            íûå åòíîñè, ùî ñòàëè ñêëàäîâîþ ÷àñòèíîþ
                                            òèõ ÷è ³íøèõ ñëîâ'ÿíñüêèõ íàðîä³â,
                                            ìàëè íåîäíàêîâó ìàòåð³àëüíó
                                            êóëüòóðó, ðèñè ÿêî¿ çáåðåãëèñÿ
                                            é ó ¿õí³õ íàùàäê³â. Ñàìå ó ñôåð³ ìà-
                                            ð³àëüíèõ êóëüòóðè, à òàêîæ òàêîãî
                                            åëåìåíòà êóëüòóðè, ÿê ìóçèêà, èìå-
                                            þòüñÿ çíà÷í³ â³äì³ííîñò³ íàâ³òü
                                            ì³æ òàêèìè áëèçüêîðîäèííèìè
                                            íàðîäàìè, ÿê ðîñ³ÿíè òà óêðà¿íö³.

                 4) Àðåàë ª âñ³ ï³äñòàâè ââàæàòè,
                 ðîçñåëåííÿ ùî àðåàë ðîçñåëåííÿ ïðàñëîâ'ÿí, êîòî-
                 ñëîâ'ÿí. ÿê³, ÿê äîâåäåíî ë³íãâ³ñòàìè, â³ää³ëåíü-
                                            ëèëèñÿ â³ä ñïîð³äíåíèõ ç íèìè áàëò³â â ñå-
                                            Ðåäèí ïåðøîãî òèñÿ÷îë³òòÿ äî í.å. (ï³ä
                                            ÷àñè Ãåðîäîòà), áóâ äóæå íåâå-
                                            ëèê. Âðàõîâóþ÷è, ùî í³ÿêèõ çâ³ñòîê ïðî
                                            ñëîâ'ÿí äî ïåðøèõ ñòîë³òü í.å.â ïèñüìî-
                                            ñíèõ äæåðåëàõ íåìàº, à ö³ äæåðåëîì
                                            íèêè, ÿê ïðàâèëî, âèõîäèëè ç ðàéî-
                                            íîâ ϳâí³÷íîãî Ïðè÷îðíîìîð'ÿ, ç àðåà-
                                            ëà ðîçñåëåííÿ ïðàñëîâ'ÿí äîâîäèòüñÿ
                                            âèêëþ÷èòè á³ëüøó ÷àñòèíó òåðèòîð³¿
                                            ñó÷àñíî¿ Óêðà¿íè, êð³ì ¿¿ ñ³âá³-
                                            ðî-çàõîäó.

                              à) ïåðøèé Ïåðø³ çãàäêè ïðî âåíåä³â, -
                              çâ³ñòêè ïðî à ñàìå òàê íàçèâàëè ðàíí³ äæåðåëîì
                              âåíåä³â íèêè ïðàñëîâ'ÿí, - ç'ÿâèëèñÿ ò³ëüêè
                                            òîä³, êîëè ðèìëÿíè ó ñâî¿é åêñïàí-
                                            îö³ â ªâðîï³ äîñÿãëè Ñåðåäíüîãî Äóíàþ,
                                            Ïàííîí³¿ ³ Íîð³êà (íèí³øí³õ Âåíã-
                                            ð³¿ òà Àâñòð³¿). Íå âèïàäêîâî ïåðøèìè
                                            ïðî âåíåä³â çãàäóþòü Ïë³í³é Ñòàðøèé
                                            ³ Òàöèò (äðóãà ïîëîâèíà I ñòîë³òòÿ í.å.).
                                            Î÷åâèäíî, ò³ëüêè ç öèõ îáëàñòåé á-
                                            ×è îòðèìàí³ ïåðø³ çâ³ñòêè ïðî íàðîä
                                            - Âåíåä³â. Àëå é ö³ çâ³ñòêè áóëè
                                            âêðàé íåïåâíèìè, òàê ÿê ðèìñüê³ ³
                                            ãðåöüê³ ïèñüìåííèêè íå ìîãëè íàâ³òü
                                            òî÷íî âèçíà÷èòè, â³äíîñèòè ¿ì âå-
                                            Íåäîâ äî ãåðìàíöÿì àáî äî ñàðìàòàì,
                                            ñõèëÿþ÷èñü, ïðàâäà, äî á³ëüøî¿ áëèçüêîñò³
                                            âåíåä³â ïî íèì âäà÷, çâè÷à¿â òà ïîáóòó
                                            ñàìå äî ãåðìàíöÿì.
                                                 Ïàííîí³ÿ â I-II ñò. í.å.áèëà íà-
                                            ñåëåíó ð³çíèìè íàðîäàìè - ãåðìàíñ-
                                            êèìè ³ ñàðìàò³â (³ðàíñüêèìè), Áî-
                                            ãåì³ÿ (íèí³øíÿ ×åõ³ÿ) îòðèìàëà
                                            íàçâó â³ä êåëüòñüêîãî ïëåìåí³ áîéåâ,
                                            ïðîòå çà ÷àñ³â Òàöèòà ³ ï³çí³øå
                                            òóò ïîñåëèëèñÿ ãåðìàíö³, à äåñü
                                            çà íèìè (íà ï³âí³÷íîìó ñõîä³ (?)) îáè-
                                            òàë³ âåíåäè.
                                                 Òàöèò, ðîçïîâ³äàþ÷è ïðî âåíåä³â,
                                            çãàäóº ïîðÿä ç íèìè åñò³â ³ ôå-
                                            íîâ, ï³ä ÿêèìè õîâàþòüñÿ ïðåäêè
                                            áàëò³éñüêèõ íàðîä³â (àëå íå ô³í³â ³ ñîâ-
                                            ðåì³ííèõ åñò³â). Îòæå, âå-
                                            Íåäè íà òîé ÷àñ çàéìàëè íàáëèçèòü-
                                            òåëüíî òåðèòîð³þ íèí³øíüî¿
                                            Ï³âäåííî-Ñõ³äíî¿ Ïîëüù³, ϳâäåííî-Çàõ³äíî¿
                                            Áåëëîðóññ³³ ³ ϳâí³÷íî-Çàõ³äíî¿ Óêðà-
                                            ðà¿íè (Âîëèí³ ³ Ïîë³ññÿ). À äàí³
                                            Ïòîëîìåÿ (äðóãå ñòîë³òòÿ í.å.) âæå ïîçâî-
                                            ëÿºò ðîçøèðèòè ìåæà ïðîæèâàííÿ ñëà-
                                            âÿí, âêëþ÷èâøè â íèõ ï³âí³÷íå Ïð³êàð-
                                            ïàòüå ³ ÷àñòèíà óçáåðåææÿ Áàëò³éñüêîãî
                                            ìîðÿ, â³äîìîãî â òîé ÷àñ, ÿê Âå-
                                            íåöüêèé çàòîêó. Î÷åâèäíî, âæå íà ïðî-
                                            òÿæåí³³ äðóãå ñòîë³òòÿ ñëîâ'ÿíè îòòåñ-
                                            Í³ë³ àáî àñèì³ëþâàëè ÿêóñü
                                            ÷àñòèíó ³íøèõ åòíîñ³â, àëå øâèäøå çà âñå
                                            ãåðìàíö³â ³ àáîðèãåí³â Ïðèêàðïàòòÿ.
                                            Ìîæíà ïðèïóñòèòè, ùî äàí³
                                            Ïòîëîìåÿ ô³êñóþòü äîãëÿä ãîòîâèé ç ïî-
                                            áåðåæå Áàëò³éñüêîãî ìîðÿ ³ ïðîñóâàíí³-
                                            þòüñÿ íà ¿õ ì³ñöå ñëîâ'ÿí.

                              á) Ïåâò³í-²ìîâ³ðíî, ÿêåñü ðîçøèðåííÿ
                              Ãåíîâà åòí³÷í³é òåðèòî𳿠ñëîâ'ÿí ñïîñòåð³ãà-
                              êàðòà äàëîñÿ ³ â III-IV ñò.,?? î, íà æàëü
                                            äæåðåë äëÿ öüîãî ÷àñó ìàéæå
                                            íåìàº. Òàê çâàíà Ïåâò³íãåðîâà
                                            Êàðòà, îñòàòî÷íà ðåäàêö³ÿ êîòî-
                                            ð³é â³äíîñèòüñÿ äî ïåðøî¿ ïîëîâèíè ïÿòî-
                                            ãî ñòîë³òòÿ, âêëþ÷àº, îäíàê ³ çíà÷íîþ
                                            íûå åëåìåíòè á³ëüø ðàííüî¿ ³íôîðìà-
                                            ö³¿, âèñõ³äí³é ùå äî ïåðøîãî ñòîë³òòÿ
                                            äî í.å., òîìó êîðèñòóâàòèñÿ ¿¿ äàí-
                                            íèì³ äóæå ñêëàäíî. Âåíåäè íà ö³é
                                            Êàðòó ïîêàçàí³ íà ï³âí³÷íèé çàõ³ä â³ä
                                            Êàðïàò, ðàçîì ç ÿêîþñü ÷àñòèíîþ
                                            ñàðìàòîâ.Ñîâìåñòíàÿ ô³êñàö³ÿ âåí³-
                                            ä³â ³ ñàðìàò³â â Ïðèêàðïàòò³, î÷å-
                                            âèäíî â³äîáðàæຠç åëåìåíòàìè ï'ÿòîãî
                                            ñòîë³òòÿ ðåà볿 II-IV ââ.äî íàâàëè
                                            ãóí³â.

                              â) ñëîâ'ÿíè Àðõåîëîãè íàìàãàþòüñÿ ïîáà÷èòè
                              ³ àðõåîëîã³÷íèõ-ñëîâ'ÿí ó íîñ³ÿõ ð³çíèõ àðõåîëîã³÷íèõ-
                              íÿ íÿ êóëüòóð, ïî÷èíàþ÷è â³ä òàê íà-
                              êóëüòóðè çâàíå êóëüòóðè ïîäêëîøíèõ ïîã-
                                            äèòèíó (IV-IIââ.äî í.å., Âåðõíÿ ³ñ-
                                            ëà ³ áàñåéí Âàðòè) äî ð³çíèõ àð-
                                            õåîëîã³÷åñê³õ êóëüòóð ïåðøà ïîëîâè-
                                            íè I òèñÿ÷îë³òòÿ íàøî¿ åðè. Îäíàê ó öèõ
                                            âèñíîâêàõ áàãàòî ñï³ðíîãî. Ùå íå-
                                            äàâíî äîñèòü ïîøèðåíà ³í-
                                            òåðïð³òàö³ÿ ðå÷³ ÷îðíî-
                                            õîâñêîé êóëüòóðè ñëîâ'ÿí ìຠíå
                                            òàê âæå é áàãàòî ïðèõèëüíèê³â, ³ á³ëü-
                                            ø³íñòâî â÷åíèõ ââàæàþòü, ùî äàíà
                                            êóëüòóðà áóëà ñòâîðåíà ð³çíèìè åòíî-
                                            ñàì³ ç ïåðåâàæàííÿì ³ðàíö³â.

                              ã) ïåðåì³ùåííÿ ãóíñüêî¿ íàøåñòÿ ïðèçâåëî äî
                              ùåííÿ íà-çíà÷íèì ïåðåì³ùåííÿì íàñåëåííÿ ì.-
                              ñåëèùà â íÿ, ó òîìó ÷èñë³ é ³ç ñòåïîâî¿ ³ ãîäèíó-
                              ðåçóëüòàò³ òè÷íî ë³ñîñòåïîâî¿ ñìóãè íàøîãî
                              Ãóíñüêèé þãà.Áîëåå çà âñå öå ñòîñóºòüñÿ ñòåïîâèõ
                              íàâàëè ðàéîí³â, äå ï³ñëÿ êîðîòêî÷àñíî¿
                                            ãåãåìîí³¿ óãð³â âæå â VI ñòîë³òò³ âîçîá-
                                            ëàäàí ïðîòîòóðê³.²íîå ñïðàâà - ëåñîñ-
                                            òåïü íèí³øíüî¿ Óêðà¿íè ³ ϳâí³÷íîãî
                                            Êàâêàçó (Ïîäîííÿ). Òóò ñòàðå
                                            ³ðàíñüêå íàñåëåííÿ âèÿâèëîñÿ á³ëüøå
                                            ñò³éêèì, àëå é âîíî ñòàëî ïîñòóïîâîãî-
                                            àëå ï³ääàâàòèñÿ âïëèâó íåóõèëüíî-
                                            àëå ùî ðóõàëèñÿ íà ñõ³ä ñëîâ'ÿí. Î÷åðåò-
                                            âèäíî, âæå â V ñòîë³òò³ îñòàíí³ âèéøëè
                                            äî ñåðåäíüîãî Äí³ïðà, äå àññ³ì³ë³ðîâà-
                                            ×è ì³ñöåâèõ ³ðàíö³â. Éìîâ³ðíî, ³ìåí-
         
     
         
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