Human rights
- What document guarantees international human rights?
- The Universal Declaration of Human Rights guarantees
international human rights. The United Nations General Assembly passed this
document in 1948.
- What international organizations are responsible for
protecting human rights?
- International concern for human rights has been
evident outside of the United Nations. The Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe, which met in Helsinki in 1973-75, produced the Helsinki
Final Act. The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms, which first met in 1950, produced the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the European Social Charter; the
Ninth Pan-American Conference of 1948 adopted the American Declaration on the
Rights and Duties of Man; and the Organization of African Unity in 1981 adopted
the African Charter on Human and Peoples 'Rights. There are also a number of
private groups involved in human-rights advocacy. One of the best-known
international human rights agencies is Amnesty International (founded in 1961).
This organization is responsible for broad casting violations of human rights,
especially freedoms of speech and religion and the right of political dissent.
- When was the notion of human right worked out?
- Human rights belong to an individual as a
consequence of being human. They refer to a wide range of values that are
universal for all human beings. The origins of the concept of human rights are
traced to the Greco-Roman natural-law doctrines of stoicism. According to the
doctrines a universal force penetrates all creation and that human conduct
should therefore be judged ac cording to the law of nature, and in the
"law of nations", in which certain universal rights were extended
beyond the rights of Roman citizenship. From the Renaissance until the 17th
century the beliefs and practices of society so changed that the idea of human
(or natural) rights took hold as a general social need and reality. The
modernist conception of natural law (natural rights) was elaborated in the 17th
and 18th centuries. The struggle against political absolutism in the late 18th
and the 19th centuries further advanced the concept of human rights. In the
20th century the notion of human rights achieved universal acceptance.
- What are the basic human rights?
- The right to life and liberty are the basic human
rights. They are proclaimed in the Covenant on Civil and Political rights and
its optional protocol. One of the most vital rights granted in this Covenant is
the right of people to self-determination. This document guarantees such rights
as personal security, equality before the law, fair trial, freedom of religion,
freedom of opinion and expression, peaceful assembly, right to marry,
participation in public affairs and elections, and minority rights. Propaganda
of war is prohibited. The right to security and privacy of person is very
important too. The document insures fundamental freedoms for all without
distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion.
- Do people have any social guarantees?
- Yes. Certainly we have such guarantees. Social
guarantees of people are set forth in the Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural life. This document deals with the right to work, the conditions of
work, trade unions, social security, protection of the family, standards of
living and health, education and cultural life. The European Commission of
Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights provided the most effective
means for the implementation of the protection of human rights. The efforts of
government in this area should be guided by these two Covenants.
- What can you say about human rights in Russia?
- Now, when Russia has entered the way of democracy it
is directed by the international covenants in the field of human right as the
rest democratic countries of the world. Despite its great economic, political,
and social difficulties the fundamental rights of the people are guaranteed by
the Russian government. The protection of human rights is secured by the
Russian constitution. Such human rights as freedom of religion, freedom of
opinion and expression, peaceful assembly, right to marry, participation in
public affairs and elections are guaranteed and embodied in different
political, cultural, and social institutions, religious confessions, secular
organizations, in a variety of mass media productions. Although not all human
rights are equally put into life in our country so far, we are moving along the
way of democracy and the new generation will enjoy all the human rights which
are set forth in the international covenants.
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