Surrealism
A 20th-century literary and artistic movement that
attempts to express the workings of the subconscious by fantastic imagery and
incongruous juxtaposition of subject matter.
Surrealism,
movement in visual art and literature, flourishing in Europe between World Wars
I and II. Surrealism grew principally out of the earlier Dada movement, which
before World War I produced works of anti-art that deliberately defied reason;
but Surrealism's emphasis was not on negation but on positive expression. The
movement represented a reaction against what its members saw as the destruction
wrought by the "rationalism" that had guided European culture and
politics in the past and that had culminated in the horrors of World War I.
According to the major spokesman of the movement, the poet and critic Andrй
Breton, who published "The Surrealist Manifesto" in 1924, Surrealism
was a means of reuniting conscious and unconscious realms of experience so
completely that the world of dream and fantasy would be joined to the everyday
rational world in "an absolute reality, a surreality." Drawing
heavily on theories adapted from Sigmund Freud, Breton saw the unconscious as
the wellspring of the imagination. He defined genius in terms of accessibility
to this normally untapped realm, which, he believed, could be attained by poets
and painters alike.
The
major Surrealist painters were Jean Arp, Max Ernst, Andrй Masson, Renй
Magritte, Yves Tanguy, Salvador Dalн, Pierre Roy, Paul Delvaux, and Joan Mirу.
With its emphasis on content and free form, Surrealism provided a major
alternative to the contemporary, highly formalistic Cubist movement and was
largely responsible for perpetuating in modern painting the traditional emphasis
on content.
1917,
Apollinaire (le mot lui aurait йtй suggйrй par Chagall ou, selon d'autres
sources, par P. AlbertBirot). Ensemble de procйdйs de crйation et d'expression
utilisant toutes les forces psychiques (automatisme, rкve, inconscient ...) libйrйes
du contrфle de la raison et en lutte contre les valeurs reзues; mouvement
intellectuel rйvolutionnaire affirmant la supйrioritй de ces procйdйs, qui se
dйveloppa surtout en littйrature et dans les arts plastiques, peinture,
cinйma ... suite du mouvement dada.
Quand
l'homme a voulu imiter la marche, il a crйй la roue qui ne ressemble pas а une
jambe. Il a fait ainsi du surrйalisme sans le savoir.
C'est
de trиs mauvaise foi qu'on nous contesterait le droit d'employer le mot
Surrйalisme dans le sens trиs particulier oщ nous l'entendons car il est clair
qu'avant nous ce mot n'avait pas fait fortune. Je le dйfinis donc une fois pour
toutes:
SURRЙALISME.
n. m. Automatisme psychique pur par lequel on se propose d'exprimer [...] le
fonctionnement rйel de la pensйe. Dictйe de la pensйe, en l'absence de tout
contrфle exercй par la raison, en dehors de toute prйoccupation esthйtique ou
morale.
ENCYCL.
Philos. Le surrйalisme repose sur la croyance а la rйalitй supйrieure de
certaines formes d'associations nйgligйes jusqu'а lui, а la toutepuissance du
rкve, au jeu dйsintйressй de la pensйe.
Список
літератури
Для підготовки даної роботи
були використані матеріали з сайту http://www.ibiblio.org/louvre/paint/
