| | PARTICIPLE I |
| 1.Attribute | If we have a participle |
| (Participle I | used as an attribute to a |
| Indefinite | noun (in pre-position), |
| Active & | the noun performs the |
| Passive). | action expressed by the |
| |-Ing form. (A touching |
| | Story-a story that can |
| | Touch, a laughing girl-a |
| | Girl who is laughing). |
| | Participle I Perfect can |
| | Be used only as an |
| | Adverbial modifier & never |
| | As an attribute. To |
| | Express priority an |
| | Attribute clause is used: |
| | The student who has shown |
| | The countries of America |
| | On the map is going to his |
| | Seat. |
| | Sometimes the Participle I |
| | Indefinite denotes an |
| | Action referring to no |
| | Particular time: Taiga is |
| | A thick forest stretching |
| | To the south of tundra. |
| 2.Predicative | To be astonishing, to be |
| (Participle I | disappointing, to be |
| Indefinite | exciting, to be |
| Active). | humiliating |
| | (Образливо, |
| | Принизливо), to be |
| | Inviting (привабливий), to |
| | Be tempting |
| | (Привабливий), to be |
| | Terrifying (жахливий), to |
| | Be touching. |
| 3.Parenthesis. | Generally speaking, |
| (Participle I | judging by appearance |
| Indefinite | (words) (судячи по зовнішньому |
| Active) | виду), mildly |
| | Speaking (спокійно), |
| | Speaking frankly, strictly |
| | Speaking, saying nothing |
| | Of, roughly speaking. |
| 4.Adverbial | |
| modifier of | |
| clause (reason) | |
| (PI Indefinite | Not knowing the topic |
| Active, | well, he got confused. |
| PI Indefinite | |
| Passive; | Being impressed by the |
| | Duel scene in "Hamlet", |
| PI Perfect | they were silent on the |
| Active, PI | way home. |
| Perfect | Having lost the book, the |
| Passive). | students couldn't prepare |
| | For the topic. |
| | Having been left alone, |
| | The child felt miserable & |
| | Lonely |
| 5.Adverbial | |
| modifier of | |
| comparison. | |
| PI Indefinite | She shivered with fright |
| Act | as if realizing the |
| | Danger. |
| 6.Adverbial | |
| modifier of | |
| attendant | |
| circumstances (| |
| manner) | |
| Participle Ind | I spent the morning on the |
| Act | cliff reading. |
| 7. Adverbial | |
| modifier of | |
| time. | The action expressed by a |
| PI Ind Act | participle in the function |
| PI Ind Pas | of an adv. mod always |
| PI Perf Act | refers the to the subject |
| PI Ind Pas | of the whole sentence. |
| | With such verbs as to see, |
| | To hear, to notice, to |
| | Come, to arrive, to seize, |
| | To look, to enter, to |
| | Turn, to close, to open, |
| | To cross. PI Ind Act is |
| | Used to express a prior |
| | Action when the action |
| | Expressed by the finite |
| | Verb closely follows the |
| | Action expressed by the P: |
| | Seeing that it was useless |
| | To argue with him, I |
| | Dropped the subject. |
| | The conjunctions "when" & |
| | "While" are often used |
| | With PI Ind Act to express |
| | An action in progress |
| | Simultaneous with that of |
| | The finite verb: While |
| | Making a tour of England, |
| | We were impressed by its |
| | Beauty. |
| | PI Ind of the verb "to be" |
| | Is not used as an |
| | Adverbial modifier of |
| | Time: "Коли я був в |
| | Москві »=" When in Moscow "|
| | |
| | |

tThe functions of participle II in the sentence.
| Attribute | PII of transitive verbs |
| | Corresponds to the Russian |
| | Пасивні причастя or |
| | Дійсне причастя of |
| | Some verbs ending in-ся a |
| | Broken chair (зламаний |
| | Стілець), a newspaper |
| | Published in Moscow |
| | (Газета, що видається в |
| | Москві). PII can be used in |
| | Post-position & in |
| | Pre-position (without any |
| | Accompanying words). He |
| | Answered through the locked |
| | Door. (Він відповів через |
| | Відкриті двері). They |
| | Turned into the large |
| | Conservatory beautifully |
| | Lit up with Chinese lamps. |
| | (Вони звернули в невелику |
| | Оранжерею, красиво |
| | Освітлену китайськими |
| | Ліхтариками) |
| | PII of intransitive verbs, |
| | Which denote passing into a |
| | New state, corresponds to |
| | The Russian дійсне |
| | Причастя or to an |
| | Adjective. Only in few |
| | Cases PII of an |
| | Intransitive verb may be |
| | Used attributively, mostly |
| | PII of the verbs to |
| | Fade (в'янути), to |
| | Wither (спокушати, і щоб губити), to |
| | Retire, to fall/to |
| | Vanish (зникати). Faded |
| | Leaves (зів'ялі листя). |
| | An attribute expressed by |
| | The PII may be detached |
| | (Відокремлений); in this case it |
| | Often has an additional |
| | Meaning of an adverbial |
| | Modifier: The housekeeper |
| | Had come out of her room, |
| | Attracted by the violent |
| | Ringing of the ball. |
| | (Економка вийшла зі своєї |
| | Кімнати, залучена |
| | Шаленим дзвоном |
| | Дзвоника.) |
| Adverbial | PII preceded by the |
| modifier. | conjunctions when, while, |
| Of time | if, as thought, etc. |
| | When guestonied Annie had |
| | Implied vaguely ... that she |
| | Was anxious about her |
| | Brother-in-law. (Коли Енні |
| | Стали розпитувати, вона |
| | Дала зрозуміти, що |
| Condition | турбується про своє |
| | Шурин). |
| | It was a dreadful thing |
| | That he now proposed, a |
| Comparison | breach of the law which, if |
| | Discovered, would bring |
| Concession | them into the police court. |
| (відступлення) | Те, що він пропонував, було |
| | Жахливо: це було порушення |
| | Закону, і, якщо б воно |
| | Відкрилося, їх віддали б під |
| | Суд. |
| | As if torn with inner |
| | Conflict & indecision, he |
| | Cried.Он плакав, наче його |
| | Мучили внутрішня боротьба і |
| | Сумніви. |
| | Her spirit, though crushed, |
| | Wasn't broken-хотя вона і не |
| | Було придушено, але не була |
| | Зламана. |
| Predicative | In spite of himself, he was |
| | Impressed. На нього це |
| | Справило враження, |
| | Поза його волею. |
| Part of a | She has found me unaltered; |
| complex | but I have found her |
| object | changed. Вона знайшла, що я |
| | Анітрохи не змінився, а я |
| | Знайшов, що вона змінилася. |

The Objective Participle Construction is a construction in which theparticiple is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or apronoun in the objective case.
It may be found:
1. After verbs denoting sense perception (to see, to hear, to feel, to find, etc): Then he looked out of the window & saw clouds gathering. I heard my wife coming. She could feel her hands trembling exceedingly. I saw the pony harnessed myself. You will probably find your sister grown.
2. After some verbs of mental activity: to consider, to understand: I consider myself engaged to Herr Klemser.
3. After verbs denoting wish, such as to want, to wish, to desire. In this case only Participle II is used. The governor wants it done quick.
4. After the verbs to have & to get, only PII is used. In this case the

Objective Participial Construction shows that the action expressed by the participle is performed at the request of the person denoted by the subject of the sentence: Thus I had the piano tuned means "I made someone tune the piano ". He had several bottles of wine brought. Йому принесли кілька пляшок вина. In interrogative & negative sentences the auxiliary verb to do is used: Why don't you have your hair waved? (Чому ви не зробите завивку ?).

The subjective Participial Construction.

The construction in which the participle (mostly the PI) is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or to a pronoun in the nominative case, which is the subject of the sentence.

In rendering this construction in Russian a complex sentence is generally used; the principal clause is of the type which in Russian syntax is called «невизначено-особиста пропозиція».

The peculiarity of this construction is that it doesn't serve as one part of the sentence: one of its component parts has the function of the subject, the other forms part of a compound verbal predicate:

They were hard talking together.

This construction is chiefly used after the verbs of sense perception:

The horse was seen descending the hill-Видно було, як кінь спускалася з пагорба.