A short time after the first colonists came to the territory, which wenow call Massachusetts, the General Court of Massachusetts made the firstcontribution for Harvard College. It was in 1636. This school later becamethe famous Harvard University. It is the oldest university in the United
States. It was named in honor of John Harvard, who died in 1638. This manleft his library and half of his property to the university. People knewthat the future of the new country depended on education. And after theestablishment of Harvard they began to establish other schools. In 1776 the
Americans declared their independence. By this time nine other institutionswere opened. Their present names and the dates of their opening are:
College of Willian and Mary (1693).
Yale University (1701).
Princeton University ( 1746).
Washington and Lee University (1749).
Columbia University (1754).
University of Pensilvania (1755). < p> Brown University (1764).
Rutgers College (1766).
Dartmouth College (1770).
Some of the money for the educational institutions came from thegovernment, but most of it came from people who felt that by giving theirmoney they were investing in the new country. People believed that the newcountry needed colleges. They voted for their state governments to organizecolleges, which would be supported by taxes. These are called stateuniversities and they arc playing leading roles in the world of educationin America. By 1894 all states had such universities. The University of
Michigan, which first opened as a school in Detroit in 1817, became a stateuniversity in 1837 when Michigan became a state.
In the early 1800s most people thought that only men should affendcollege. But other people fell certain that women too must be educated.
Some of them thought that the best would be to have co-educated colleges.
Others thought that there must be separate colleges for men and women;
Oberlin College, which was founded it 1833 was the first co-educationalschool. Mount Holyoke was founded in 1837. It was the first school forwomen. Other schools for women are: Vassar (1821), Wells (1868), Wellesley
(1871). In 1870 Michigan, Illinois, Missouri, California began to admitwomen to state universities. Now all public universities admit women. Evenmany private men's colleges are beginning to admit women. So the ideasabout American education are changing.
Princeton University
Princeton University is a vibrant community of scholarship and learningthat stands in the nation's service and in the service of all nations.
Chartered in 1746, and known as the College of New Jersey until 1896, itwas British North America's fourth college. Fully coeducational since 1969,
Princeton in the 2002-2003 academic year enrolled 6,632 students - 4,635undergraduates and 1,997 graduate students - with a ratio of full-timestudents to faculty members of 5.6 to 1. The University, with more than
12,000 employees, is Mercer County's largest private employer and plays amajor role in the educational, cultural and economic life of the region.
The College of William and Mary.
The College of William and Mary, one of the nation's premier state -assisted liberal arts universities, believes that excellence in teaching isthe key to unlocking intellectual and personal possibilities for students.
Dedicated to this philosophy and committed to limited enrollment, the
College provides high-quality undergraduate, graduate and professionaleducation that prepares students to make significant contributions to the
Commonwealth of Virginia and the nation. In recognition, the media haveincluded William and Mary among the nation's prestigious "Public Ivys," andranked it first among state institutions in terms of commitment toteaching.
History
Chartered on February 8, 1693, by King William III and Queen Mary II as thesecond college in the American colonies. Severed formal ties with Britainin 1776. Became state-supported in 1906 and coeducational in 1918. Achievedmodern university status in 1967. Phi Beta Kappa, the nation's premieracademic honor society, and the honor code system of conduct were foundedat William and Mary.
Location
Located in historic Williamsburg, Va., approximately 150 miles south of
Washington, DC, midway between Richmond and Norfolk, Va.
Campus
Approximately 1,200 acres including picturesque Lake Matoaka and the
College Woods. Adjacent to Colonial Williamsburg, the Ancient Campussection is restored to 18th-century appearance.
Instructional Faculty
569 in arts and sciences, marine science, education, businessadministration and law; 93 percent of the faculty teaching undergraduatecourses have attained terminal degrees.
Enrollment
7,500 of whom approximately 5,500 are undergraduates.
Student-Faculty Ratio
Approximately 12 to 1.
Student Statistics
Students from 50 states and 75 foreign countries; 79 percent of currentfreshmen graduated in top tenth of their class with the middle 50 percenthaving total SAT scores ranging from 1240-1400; 28 percent of all studentsreceived need-based financial aid totaling $ 14 million in 2000-2001.
Tuition and Fees For the 2002-2003 session, total annual cost of tuition,fees, room and board for in-state undergraduate students is $ 10,626; for out -of-state undergraduate students, $ 24,826. In-state students in the Schoolof Law pay $ 11,100 and out-of-state students pay $ 21,290. In-state studentsin the Master's of Business Administration program pay $ 9,978 and out-of -state students pay $ 21,258. In-state graduate students in the Schools of
Marine Science, Education, and Arts and Sciences pay $ 6,138 and out-of -state students pay $ 17,972.
Student Activities Over 250 student-interest groups plus 16 national socialfraternities and 12 sororities; William and Mary Theatre, Concert and
Sunday Series; Choir; Band; Speakers Forum; live entertainment in 10,000 --seat W & M Hall. There are a total of 23 men's and women's intercollegiateathletic teams.
Degrees AB, BS, BBA, MA, MS, MBA, MAC, M.Ed., MAEd.,
Ph.D., JD, Ed.D., Psy.D., LL.M., MPP
Programs of Study American Studies + #, Anthropology + #, Applied Science + #,
Art/Art History, Biochemistry (minor only), Biological Psychology *,
Biology +, Black Studies *, Business Administration + ^, Chemistry +, Classical
Studies (Latin, Greek, Hebrew), Computer Science + #, Dance (minoronly), Economics, Education (certification) + #, English, Environmental
Science/Studies *, Film Studies (minor only), Geology, Government,
History + #, International Studies (International Relations and separateconcentrations in African, East Asian, European, Latin American, Middle
Eastern and Russian Studies), Kinesiology, Law ^, Linguistics *, Literary and
Cultural Studies *, Marine Science + #, Mathematics +, Medieval and Renaissance
Studies *, Military Science, Modern Languages (Arabic, Chinese, French,
German, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian and Spanish), Music,
Philosophy, Physics + #, Psychology + #, Public Policy +, Religion, Sociology,
Theatre and Speech, Women's Studies *
* Interdisciplinary Studies Degree
+ Master's Degree Program
# Doctoral Degree Program
^ Professional Degree Program
Schools Arts and Sciences, Business Administration, Education, Law, Marine
Science
Special Opportunities Freshman seminars focusing on specialized topicswith a limited class-size of 17 students. Undergraduate researchopportunities. Community service projects and organizations. Psy.D. degreein Clinical Psychology in conjuction with Eastern Virginia Medical
Authority. Center for International Studies with Study Abroad programs in
Australia, Canada, China, Denmark, Egypt, England, France, Germany, Italy,
Japan and Scotland. Summer session with graduate offerings on campus.
Special institutes and seminars. Departmental Honors programs. 17 computerlabs outfitted with the latest Pentium PCs. A high-speed fiber-opticnetwork connects all campus buildings, including residence hall rooms.
Foreign language houses. Military Science Program. Advisory programs in pre -engineering, pre-law and pre-medicine.
Library The Earl Gregg Swem Library contains more than one million volumesand computer access to many standard computerized data bases. Special
Collections include documents from many historical figures, including thelifetime papers of U.S. Chief Justice Warren Burger.
Computers Seventeen computer labs around campus outfitted with the latest
Pentium PC computers. Campus buildings - including all residence hall rooms
- Are tied to a high-speed fiber-optic network, featuring the World Wide
Web and cable television.
Major Buildings Sir Christopher Wren Building (1695), oldest academicbuilding in the US; President's House (1732); the Brafferton (1723); Phi
Beta Kappa Memorial Hall; William and Mary Hall seating up to 10,000 forconvocations, sports events, cultural programs. Among the College's newestbuildings are the University Center, McGlothlin-Street Hall, the Reves
Center, Plumeri Park and the McCormack-Nagelsen Tennis Center. Residentialhalls and houses for 4,450 students.
Endowment
$ 366 million
Annual Budget
Total - $ 172 million for 2002-2003
Alumni
70,000
Governance
A 17-member Board of Visitors appointed by the Governor of Virginia.
Administration
Chancellor: Dr. Henry A. Kissinger
(The former Secretary of State and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in
1973 is 22nd Chancellor of the College)
President: Timothy J. Sullivan '66 (25th President of the College)
Provost: Gillian T. Cell
Vice President for University Development: Dennis Cross
Vice President for Student Affairs: W. Samuel Sadler '64
Vice President for Public Affairs: Stewart H. Gamage '72
Vice President of Finance: Samuel E. Jones '75
Vice President for Administration: Anna Martin
Director of Athletics: Edward C. Driscoll, Jr.
Yale University.
Yale University was founded in 1701 as the Collegiate School in the home of
Abraham Pierson, its first rector, in Killingworth, Connecticut. In 1716the school moved to New Haven and, with generous gift by Elihu Yale of ninebales of goods, 417 books, and a portrait of King George the first, renamed
Yale College in 1718.
Yale embarked on a steady expansion, establishing the Medical Institution
(1810), Divinity School (1822), Law School (1843), Graduate School of Artsand Sciences (1847), the School of Fine Arts (1869) and School of Music
(1894). In 1887 Yale College became Yale University. It continued to add toits academic offerings with the School of Forestry & Environmental Studies
(1900), School of Nursing (1923), School of Drama (1955), School of
Architecture (1972), and School of Management (1974).
Rutgers College.
Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, with over 60,000 students oncampuses in Camden, Newark, and New Brunswick, is one of the major stateuniversity systems in the nation. The university is made up of twenty-sixdegree-granting divisions; twelve undergraduate colleges, eleven graduateschools, and three schools offering both undergraduate and graduatedegrees. Five are located in Camden, seven in Newark, and fourteen in New
Brunswick.
Rutgers has a unique history as a colonial college, a land-grantinstitution, and a state university. Chartered in 1766 as Queen's College,the eighth institution of higher learning to be founded in the coloniesbefore the revolution, the school opened its doors in New Brunswick in 1771with one instructor, one sophomore, and a handful of freshmen. During thisearly period the college developed as a classical liberal arts institution.
In 1825, the name of the college was changed to Rutgers to honor a formertrustee and revolutionary war veteran, Colonel Henry Rutgers.
Rutgers College became the land-grant college of New Jersey in 1864,resulting in the establishment of the Rutgers Scientific School withdepartments of agriculture, engineering, and chemistry. Further expansionin the sciences came with the founding of the New Jersey Agricultural
Experiment Station in 1880, the College of Engineering in 1914, and the
College of Agriculture (now Cook College) in 1921. The precursors toseveral other Rutgers divisions were also founded during this period: the
College of Pharmacy in 1892, the New Jersey College for Women (now Douglass
College) in 1918, and the School of Education (now a graduate school) in
1924.
Brown University
Founded in 1764, Brown University was the third college in New
England and the seventh in America - and the only one that welcomedstudents of all religious persuasions. A commitment to diversity andintellectual freedom remains a hallmark of the University today.
Established as Rhode Island College in the town of Warren, Rhode
Island, the University moved to its present location on Providence's
College Hill in 1770. In 1804, the University was renamed to honor a $ 5,000donation from Providence merchant Nicholas Brown.
Over the years the University grew steadily, adding graduatecourses in the 1880s, a women's college in 1889 (renamed Pembroke Collegein 1928), a graduate school in 1927, and a medical education program in
1973 (now the Brown Medical School). The men's and women's undergraduatecolleges merged in 1971.
While facilities and programs expanded, Brown chose to keep itsenrollment relatively small, with an undergraduate student-faculty ratio ofabout 9 to 1. The main campus covers nearly 140 acres, all of it within a
10-minute walk of its hub, the College Green. The University is situated ona historic residential hill overlooking downtown Providence, a city of some
170,000 people.
The University library system contains more than 5 million items,including bound volumes, periodicals, maps, sheet music, and manuscripts.
The number of items grows by more than 100,000 each year.
The John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, known as "the Rock," is
Brown's primary humanities and social-sciences resource center.
The Sciences Library houses the University's collection of scienceand medical books and periodicals. Located on the 14th floor is the
University's media services operation.
The John Hay Library houses special collections, including most ofthe University's rare books, manuscripts, and archives.
The John Carter Brown Library is an independently administered andfunded center for advanced research in history and the humanities. Ithouses an internationally renowned collection of primary sources pertainingto the Americas before 1825.
Other specialty libraries include the Orwig Music Library (thegeneral music collection), the Art Slide Library (slides of art and art -related subjects, including architecture and archaeology), and the
Demography Library (a major resource for population research).
Teaching, research and public service are conducted through anumber of centers and institutes affiliated with the University. Theyinclude the Annenberg Institute for School Reform, the Center for Alcoholand Addiction Studies, the Center for Gerontology and Health Care Research,the Population Studies and Training Center, and the Watson Institute for
International Studies.
Carrying on an intercollegiate athletic tradition more than 100 yearsold, the Brown Bears compete against the seven other Ivy League schools andagainst other colleges and universities at the NCAA Division I level. Brownhas one of the nation's broadest arrays of varsity teams - 37 in all; 20for women and 17 for men.
Brown has its share of historic firsts, including the nation'sfirst intercollegiate men's ice hockey game (defeating Harvard 6-0 on
January 19, 1898) and the nation's first women's varsity ice hockey team
(organized in 1964).
As a member of the Ivy League, Brown awards financial aid on thebasis of need; it does not grant athletic scholarships.
University of Pensilvania.
Students:
Full-time: 18,050
Part-time: 4,276
Total: 22,326
Full-time Undergraduate: 9,863
Full-time Graduate/professional: 8,187
(Fall 2001; most current figures)
Undergraduate Admissions:
Penn received record-high 19,153 applications for admission to the Class of
2005. Of those applicants, 4,132, or 21.6 percent, were offered admission,making the class of 2005 the most selective in Penn's history and theinstitution among the most selective universities in America. Ninety-twopercent of the students admitted for Fall 2001 came from the top 10 percentof their high school graduating class and scored a combined 1,412 on the
SAT. 2,391 students matriculated into this year's freshman class.
Internationalism:
Record-high 2,588 international students applied for admission to Penn'sundergraduate schools for Fall 2001, and 401 (15.5%) received admissionsoffers. Ten percent of the first Ten percent of the first year classes areinternational students. Of the international students accepted to the Classof 2005, 11.1% were from Africa and the Middle East, 44.6% from Asia, 1%from Australia and the Pacific, 14.3% from Canada and Mexico, 10.6% from
Central/South America and the Caribbean, and 18.6% from Europe. Penn had
3,485 international students enrolled in Fall 2001.
Study Abroad:
Penn offers 65 study-abroad programs in 36 countries. Penn ranks firstamong the Ivy League schools in the number of students studying abroad,according to the most recent data (Institute for International Education,
1999-2000). In 1999-2000, 1,196 Penn undergraduate students participated instudy-abroad programs.
Diversity:
About 42 percent of those accepted for admission to the Class of 2005 are
Black, Hispanic, Asian, or Native American. Women comprise 50 percent ofall students currently enrolled.
Undergraduate Schools:
Penn's four undergraduate schools, with their Fall 2001 studentpopulations, are:
The College at Penn (School of Arts and Sciences), 6,464
School of Engineering and Applied Science, 1,612
School of Nursing, 363
The Wharton School, 1,729
Graduate and Professional Schools:
Penn's 12 graduate and professional schools, with their Fall 2001 studentpopulations, are:
Annenberg School for Communication, 78
School of Arts and Sciences, 2,302
School of Dental Medicine, 530
Graduate School of Education, 1,059
School of Engineering and Applied Science, 884
Graduate School of Fine Arts, 562
Law School, 856
School of Medicine, 1,091
School of Nursing, 351
School of Social Work, 326
School of Veterinary Medicine, 451
The Wharton School, 2,055
Faculty:
Standing: 2,257
Associated: 2,062
Total: 4,319
The student-faculty ratio is 6.4:1 (Fall 2001).
Measures of distinction of the faculty include:
61 members of the Academy of Arts and Sciences;
44 members of the Institute of Medicine;
39 members of the National Academy of Sciences;
91 Guggenheim Fellowships (1980-2001);
11 members of the National Academy of Engineering;
Seven MacArthur Award recipients;
Six National Medal of Science recipients;
Four Nobel Prize recipients; and
Two Pulitzer Prize winners
Staff:
Penn is the largest private employer in the city of Philadelphia and thefourth-largest in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of Fall 2001, Pennhas a total regular work force of 12,290. The University of Pennsylvania
Health System, which includes the Hospital of the University of
Pennsylvania, employs an additional 12,673 people.
Academics:
Total undergraduate majors currently being pursued: 94 (Academic Year
2002).
Libraries:
5.0 million books
3.6 million items on microfilm
39,439 periodical subscriptions
1,952 CD-ROM databases
4,734 e-journals
Athletics and Recreation:
A charter member of the Ivy League, Penn offers intercollegiate competitionfor men in 20 sports, including basketball, baseball, heavyweight crew,lightweight crew, cross country, fencing, football, golf, lacrosse, soccer,sprint football, squash, swimming, tennis, indoor track, outdoor track andwrestling. It offers intercollegiate competition for women in 14 sports,including basketball, crew, cross country, field hockey, fencing, golf,gymnastics, lacrosse, soccer, softball, squash, swimming, tennis, indoortrack, outdoor track and volleyball. During the 2001-2002 academic year,there were 14,678 team members participating in 20 intramural teams; 927additional students were members of 30 club sports.
Campus Size:
. West Philadelphia campus: 269 acres, 151 buildings (excluding hospital)
. New Bolton Center: 600 acres, 77 buildings
. Morris Arboretum: 92 acres, 30 buildings
Living Alumni of Record:
Total: 233,303 (Fiscal Year 2001)
Undergraduate Admission and Fees:
$ 27,988 (Academic Year 2003)
Room and Board Fees:
$ 8,224 (Academic Year 2003)
Community Service:
Approximately 5,000 University students, faculty and staff participate inmore than 300 Penn volunteer and community service programs. The Middle
States Association of Colleges and Schools recognized the University's West
Philadelphia Improvement Corps (WEPIC), in Penn's Center for Community
Partnerships, for exemplary school-college partnerships in Pennsylvania.
Fundraising (Fiscal Year 2001):
Endowment $ 3.382 billion (as of June 30, 2001)
Voluntary support: $ 285 million
107,941 donors gave $ 138 million in contributions
$ 92 million in gifts from foundations and associations
$ 37 million in gifts from corporations
Sponsored Projects (Fiscal Year 2001):
$ 550 million in awards
4,169 awards
2,655 projects
1,219 principal investigators
Budget:
$ 3.21 billion (Fiscal Year 2002)
Payroll (including benefits):
$ 1.324 billion (Fiscal Year 2002)
Washington and Lee University.
Washington and Lee is a small, private, liberal arts university nestledbetween the Blue Ridge and Allegheny Mountains in Lexington, VA. It is theninth oldest institution of higher learning in the nation.
In 1749, Scotch-Irish pioneers who had migrated deep into the Valley of
Virginia founded a small classical school called Augusta Academy, some 20miles north of what is now Lexington. In 1776, the trustees, fired bypatriotism, changed the name of the school to Liberty Hall. Four yearslater the school was moved to the vicinity of Lexington, where in 1782 itwas chartered as Liberty Hall Academy by the Virginia legislature andempowered to grant degrees. A limestone building, erected in 1793 on thecrest of a ridge overlooking Lexington, burned in 1803, though its ruinsare preserved today as a symbol of the institution's honored past.
In 1796, George Washington saved the struggling Liberty Hall Academy whenhe gave the school its first major endowment - $ 20,000 worth of James River
Canal stock. The trustees promptly changed the name of the school to
Washington Academy as an expression of their gratitude. In a letter to thetrustees, Washington responded, "To promote the Literature in this rising
Empire, and to encourage the Arts, have ever been amongst the warmestwishes of my heart. "The donations - one of the largest to any educationalinstitution at that time-continue to contribute to the University'soperating budget today.
General Robert E. Lee reluctantly accepted the position of president of the
College in 1865. Because of his leadership of the Confederate army, Leeworried he "might draw upon the College a feeling of hostility," but alsoadded that "I think it the duty of every citizen in the present conditionof the Country, to do all in his power to aid in the restoration of peaceand harmony. "During his brief presidency, Lee established the School of
Law, encouraged development of the sciences, and instituted programs inbusiness instruction that led to the founding of the School of Commerce in
1906. He also inaugurated courses in journalism, which developed by 1925into The School of Journalism - now the Department of Journalism and Mass
Communications. These courses in business and journalism were the firstoffered in colleges in the United States. After Lee's death in 1870, thetrustees voted to change the name from Washington College to Washington and
Lee University.
Once an all-male institution, Washington and Lee first admitted women toits law school in 1972. The first undergraduate women matriculated in 1985.
Since then, Washington and Lee has flourished. The University now boasts anew science building, a performing arts center and an indoor tennisfacility, and it continues to climb the ranking charts of US News and
World Report and other rating agencies. Washington and Lee is ranked 15thamong the top national liberal arts colleges by US News.
Washington and Lee University observed its 250th Anniversary with a year -long, national celebration during the 1998-99 academic year.
Columbia University.
Columbia University was founded in 1754 as King's College by royal charterof King George II of England. It is the oldest institution of higherlearning in the state of New York and the fifth oldest in the United
States.
Controversy preceded the founding of the College, with various groupscompeting to determine its location and religious affiliation. Advocates of
New York City met with success on the first point, while the Anglicansprevailed on the latter. However, all constituencies agreed to committhemselves to principles of religious liberty in establishing the policiesof the College.
In July 1754, Samuel Johnson held the first classes in a new schoolhouseadjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in
Manhattan. There were eight students in the class. At King's College, thefuture leaders of colonial society could receive an education designed to
"Enlarge the Mind, improve the Understanding, polish the whole Man, andqualify them to support the brightest Characters in all the elevatedstations in life. "One early manifestation of the institution's lofty goalswas the establishment in 1767 of the first American medical school to grantthe MD degree.
The American Revolution brought the growth of the College to a halt,forcing a suspension of instruction in 1776 that lasted for eight years.
However, the institution continued to exert a significant influence on
American life through the people associated with it. Among the earlieststudents and Trustees of King's College were John Jay, the first Chief
Justice of the United States; Alexander Hamilton, the first Secretary ofthe Treasury; Gouverneur Morris, the author of the final draft of the US
Constitution; and Robert R. Livingston, a member of the five-man committeethat drafted the Declaration of Independence.
The College reopened in 1784 with a new name-Columbia-that embodied thepatriotic fervor, which had inspired the nation's quest for independence.
The revitalized institution was recognizable as the descendant of itscolonial ancestor, thanks to its inclination toward Anglicanism and theneeds of an urban population, but there were important differences:
Columbia College reflected the legacy of the Revolution in the greatereconomic, denominational, and geographic diversity of its new students andleaders. Cloistered campus life gave way to the more common phenomenon ofday students, who lived at home or lodged in the city.
In 1849, the College moved from Park Place, near the present site of City
Hall, to 49th Street and Madison Avenue, where it remained for the nextfifty years. During the last half of the nineteenth century, Columbiarapidly assumed the shape of a modern university. The Law School wasfounded in 1858, and the country's first mining school, a precursor oftoday's School of Engineering and Applied Science, was established in 1864.
When Seth Low became Columbia's president in 1890, he vigorously promotedthe university ideal for the College, placing the fragmented federation ofautonomous and competing schools under a central administration thatstressed cooperation and shared resources. Barnard College for women hadbecome affiliated with Columbia in 1889; the medical school came under theaegis of the University in 1891, followed by Teachers of graduate facultiesin political science, philosophy, and pure science established Columbia asone of the nation's earliest centers for graduate education. In 1896, the
Trustees officially authorized the use of yet another new name, Columbia
University, and today the institution is officially known as Columbia
University in the City of New York.
Low's greatest accomplishment, however, was moving the University from 49th
Street to Morningside Heights and a more spacious campus designed as anurban academic villageby McKim, Mead & White, the renowned turn-of-the -century architectural firm. Architect Charles Follen McKim provided
Columbia with stately buildings patterned after those of the Italian
Renaissance. The University continued to prosper after its move uptown.
During the presidency of Nicholas Murray Butler (1902-1945), Columbiaemerged as a preeminent national center for educational innovation andscholarly achievement. John Erskine taught the first Great Books Honors
Seminar at Columbia College in 1919, making the study of originalmasterworks the foundation of undergraduate education. Columbia became, inthe words of College alumnus Herman Wouk, a place of "doubled magic," where
"The best things of the moment were outside the rectangle of Columbia; thebest things of all human history and thought were inside the rectangle. "
The study of the sciences flourished along with the liberal arts, and in
1928, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, the first such center tocombine teaching, research, and patient care, was officially opened as ajoint project between the medical school and The Presbyterian Hospital.
By the late 1930s, a Columbia student could study with the likes of Jacques
Barzun, Paul Lazarsfeld, Mark Van Doren, Lionel Trilling, and II Rabi, toname just a few of the great minds of the Morningside campus. The
University's graduates during this time were equally accomplished-forexample, two alumni of Columbia's Law School, Charles Evans Hughes and
Harlan Fiske Stone (who also held the position of Law School dean), servedsuccessively as Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
Research into the atom by faculty members II Rabi, Enrico Fermi, and
Polykarp Kusch placed Columbia's Physics Department in the internationalspotlight in the 1940s, and the founding of the School of International
Affairs (now the School of International and Public Affairs) in 1946 markedthe beginning of intensive growth in international relations as a majorscholarly focus of the University. The Oral History movement in the United
States was launched at Columbia in 1948.
Columbia celebrated its Bicentennial in 1954 during a period of steadyexpansion. This growth mandated a major campus-building program in the
1960s, and, by the end of the decade, five of the University's schools werehoused in new buildings.
The revival of spirit and energy on Columbia's campus in recent years hasbeen even more sweeping. The 1980s saw the completion of over $ 145 millionworth of new construction, including two residence halls, a computerscience center, the Rare Book and Manuscript Library, a chemistry building,the Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Art Gallery, Lawrence A. Wien Stadium, andmuch more. The quality of student life on campus has been a primaryconcern, and the opening of Morris A. Schapiro Hall in 1988 enabled
Columbia College to achieve its long-held goal of offering four years ofhousing to all undergraduate students. A second gift from this farsightedbenefactor led to the opening in 1992 of the Morris A. Schapiro Center for
Engineering and Physical Science Research, which is helping to secure
Columbia's leadership in telecommunications and high-tech research.
On the Health Sciences campus, a generous commitment from the Sherman
Fairchild Foundation has lent impetus to the development of the Audubon
Biomedical Science and Technology Park by providing funds for constructionof the Center for Disease Prevention. In addition to securing Columbia'splace at the forefront of medical research, this project will help spur thegrowth of the biotechnology industry in New York City, forge vital newlinks between Columbia and the local community, and help to revitalize thearea around the medical center.
Thanks to concerted efforts to place the University on the strongestpossible foundations, Columbia is approaching the twenty-first century witha firm sense of the importance of what has been accomplished in the pastand confidence in what it can achieve in the years to come.
In 1897, the University moved from 49th Street and Madison Avenue, where ithad stood for fifty years, to its present location on Morningside Heightsat 116th Street and Broadway. Seth Low, the President of the University atthe time of the move, sought to create an academic village in a morespacious setting. Charles Follen McKim of the architectural firm of McKim,
Mead & White modeled the new campus after the Athenian agora. The Columbiacampus comprises the largest single collection of McKim, Mead & Whitebuildings in existence.
The architectural centerpiece of the campus is Low Memorial Library, namedin honor of Seth Low's father. Built in the Roman classical style, itappears in the New York City Register of Historic Places. The buildingtoday houses the University's central administration offices and the
Visitors Center.
A broad flight of steps descends from Low Library to an expansive plaza, apopular place for students to gather, and from there to College Walk, apromenade that bisects the central campus. Beyond College Walk is the South
Campus, where Butler Library, the University's main library, stands. South
Campus is also the site of many of Columbia College's facilities, includingstudent residences, the Ferris Booth Hall activities center, and the
College's administrative offices and classroom buildings, along with thebuilding housing the Journalism School.
To the north of Low Library stands Pupin Hall, which in 1966 was designateda national historic landmark in recognition of the atomic researchundertaken there by Columbia's scientists beginning in 1925. To the east is
St. Paul's Chapel, which is listed with the New York City Register of
Historic Places.
Many newer buildings surround the original campus. Among the mostimpressive are the Sherman Fairchild Center for the Life Sciences, the
Computer Science building, Morris A. Schapiro Hall, and the Morris A.
Schapiro Center for Engineering and Physical Science Research.
Two miles to the north of Morningside Heights is the twenty-acre campus ofthe Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, overlooking the Hudson River in
Manhattan's Washington Heights. Among the most prominent buildings on thesite are the twenty-story Julius and Armand Hammer Health Sciences Center,the William Black Medical Research building, and the seventeen-story towerof the College of Physicians and Surgeons. In 1989, The Presbyterian
Hospital opened the Milstein Hospital Building, a 745-bed facility thatincorporates the very latest advances in medical technology and patientcare. To the west is the New York State Psychiatric Institute; east of
Broadway will be the Audubon Biomedical Science and Technology Park, whichwill include the new Center for Disease Prevention. The Park is beingdeveloped as a major urban research complex to house activities on thecutting edge of scientific and medical research.
Other interesting information.
It is also very interesting, that in the USA many universities areconnected with each other. They belong to different unions. For example,
Dartmouth College, Brown University, Columbia University, Princeton
University and Yale University are the parts of «Ivy League». It is a unionof the most respectable and famous universities in the United States of
America.
«Ivy League» consists of eight colleges and universities. All of them arerather old and popular. But they are not cheap, because students must paymuch money for their education.
The most expensive University is Dartmouth. The cheapest one is Yale.
All the universities have their own emblems, which are always different andhave definite meanings.
The
Report.
Klimenko Ekaterina.
9form «V».
Education and Culture
In the United States, education, cultural activities, and thecommunications media exert a tremendous influence on the lives ofindividuals. Through these means, knowledge and cultural values aregenerated, transmitted, and preserved from one generation to the next.
In most of the United States, illiteracy has been virtually eliminated.
However, census estimates suggest that 2.4 percent of the population overage 25 is functionally illiterate, that is, they are unable to read andwrite well enough to meet the demands of everyday life. More of thepopulation has received more education than ever before. Among Americansaged 25 and older in 1993, about four-fifths had completed high school, ascompared with only about one-fourth as recently as 1940. In 1993 nearly 22percent of the population had com pleted four or more years of college.
This same trend toward increased accessibility and usage applies to
America's cultural institutions, which have continued to thrive despite atroubled economy.
Education
In the United States, education is offered at all levels fromprekindergarten to graduate school by both public and private institutions.
Elementary and secondary education involves 12 years of schooling, thesuccessful completion of which leads to a high school diploma. Althoughpublic education can be defined in various ways, one key concept is theaccountability of school officials to the voters. In theory, responsibilityfor operating the public education system in the United States is local. Infact, much of the local control has been superseded, and state legislationcontrols financing methods, academic standards, and policy and curriculumguidelines. Because public education is separately developed within eachstate, variations exist from one state to another. Parallel paths amongstates have developed, however, in part because public education is also amatter of national interest.
Public elementary and secondary education is supported financially by threelevels of government-local, state, and federal. Local school districtsoften levy property taxes, which are the major source of financing for thepublic school systems. One of the problems that arises because of the heavyreliance on local property tax is a disparity in the quality of educationreceived by students. Rich communities can afford to pay more per studentthan poorer communities; consequently, the disparity in wealth affects thequality of education received. Some states have taken measures to levelthis imbalance by distributing property tax collections to school districtsbased on the number of students enrolled.
When public education was established in the American colonies in the mid-
17th century, it was viewed by many as an instrument that would break downthe barriers of social class and prejudice. Public schools were intendedfor all creeds, classes, and religions. In addition to the development ofindividuals, public schools were to promote social harmony by equalizingthe conditions of the population.
Most students attended private schools, however, until well into the 19thcentury. Then, in the decades before the American Civil War (1861-1865), atransition took place from private to public school education. Thistransition was to provide children of all classes with a free education.
The idea of free public education did, however, encounter opposition. Thenonw hite population, which consisted primarily of blacks, was eithertotally denied an education or allowed to attend only racially segregatedschools.
School Segregation
Before the Civil War, public school segregation was common both in the
South and in the North. In every southern state except Kentucky and
Maryland, laws existed that forbade the teaching of reading and writing toslaves.
In 1867, after the end of the Civil War, schools for blacks began to beestablished in various parts of the South. For nearly a century, until
1954, most education facilities in the southern states remained raciallysegregated by state laws. Not only were schools segregated, but, in schoolsfor blacks, the physical conditions and facilities were poor,transportation to such schools was meager or nonexistent, and expendituresper black pupil fell below those per white pupil.
In the northern states during this same period, most black chi ldren alsoattended separate schools. Sometimes this was the result of state laws;more often it was the result of policy decisions, either officiallyacknowledged or clandestine. Examples of the latter are gerrymanderedschool districts and pupil transfer systems. The result, in the South andthe North, was a dual system of education for blacks and whites.
In 1954 the Supreme Court of the United States declared racial segregationin schools illegal, in its landmark Brown v. Board of Education of Topekadecision. Since then progress has been made toward desegregation; however,widespread de facto segregation still exists today in both suburban andurban areas. In the late 1980s more than 60 percent of black and Hispanic
American students attended schools where minority group enrollmentconstituted over 50 percent of the total. In some large cities, eitherbecause of residential patterns or because of an intent to segregateschools, entire school districts are still segregated. Some districts haveattempted the busing of pupils to help achieve integration, but this hasproved generally unpopular and unworkable. Thus, the right to adesegregated education remains more theoretical than real for manychildren.
Elementary and Secondary Enrollments
In 1993 some 59,680 public elementary and 19,995 public secondary schoolswere in operation in the United States, in addition to 4826 special-purposeor combined schools. Enrollment in public schools in 1993 totaled about 31million elementary pupils and about 11.7 million secondary students. Inaddition, private elementary and secondary schools together enrolled about
4.9 million students in 1991. The largest system of private education inthe United States is that of the Roman Catholic church, with some 2.6million students in 1991. In public schools, the average expenditure perpupil in the United States in 1993 was about $ 5574, ranging from a low ofabout $ 3218 in Utah to a high of about $ 9712 in New Jersey.
Higher Education
The first American colleges were small and attended by an aristocraticstudent body. The earliest institutions were established in the United
States between the mid-17th and mid-18th centuries: Harvard University
(1636), the College of William and Mary (1693), Yale University (1701), the
University of Pennsylvania (1740), Princeton University (1746), Columbia
University (1754), Brown University (1764), Rutgers University (1771), and
Dartmouth College (1769). These private institutions initially preparedstudents for careers in theology, law, medicine, and teaching-a curriculumtoo narrow for a country experiencing a rapid expansion of its territory,industry, and industrial population.
An important development occurred in 1862, when President Abraham Lincolnsigned the Morrill Act (see Land-Grant Colleges), which donated publiclands to the several states and territories to provide colleges with theresources necessary to teach such branches of learning as agriculture andthe mechanical arts. The Morrill Act was designed to promote the liberaland practical education of the new industrial population. Based on the act,each state was granted 12,141 hectares (30,000 acres) of federal land foreach member it had in Congress. In addition to creating colleges, the
Morrill Act extended education to groups that would benefit from highereducation regardless of financial background and greatly accelerated theadmission of women to institutions of higher learning. Some of the largerinstitutions that were established or expanded as a result of the Morrill
Act include the University of Arizona (1885), the University of Californiaat Berkeley (1868), the University of Florida (1853), the University of
Illinois (1867), Purdue University (1865), the University of Maryland
(1807), Michigan State University (1855), Ohio State University (1870),
Pennsylvania State University (1855), and the University of Wisconsin
(1849).
Higher education, like elementary and secondary education, has historicallybeen racially segregated in the United States. Before 1954 most blacksgained access to higher education only by attending colleges anduniversities established for blacks, nearly all of which were located inthe southern states. With the gradual dissolution of most traditionalracial barriers, more and more blacks enrolled in institutions where whitesmade up the majority of the student body. By 1990 only about 17 percent ofall black students were enrolled in the 105 historically black colleges anduniversities.
Accreditation
A unique feature of higher education in the United States is the deviceknown as accreditation, which includes voluntary self-evaluation by aschool and appraisal by a group of its peers. This process operates throughnationally recognized accrediting agencies and associations and certainstate bodies. These agencies or associations have established educationalcriteria to evaluate institutions in terms of their own objectives and toascertain whether programs of educational quality are being maintained.
They provide institutions with continued stimulus for improvement, toensure that accredited status may serve as an authentic index ofeducational quality.
Costs of Higher Education
The cost of higher education varies by type of institution. Tuition ishighest at private four-year institutions, and lowest at public two-yearinstitutions. The private four-year colleges nearly quadrupled theiraverage tuition rates between 1975 and 1990. For private four-yearcolleges, tuition and fees for the 1992-1993 academic year averaged about
$ 13,043, compared with about $ 2827 at public four-year colleges. The costof attending an institution of higher education includes not only tuitionand fees, however, but also books and supplies, transportation, personalexpenses and, sometimes, room and board. Although tuition and feesgenerally are substantially lower at public institutions than at privateones, the other student costs are about the same. The average cost fortuition, fees, and room and board for the 1992-1993 academic year atprivate four-year colleges was about $ 18,892. At public four-year collegesthe average combined cost was about $ 6449.
Enrollment Trends
In 1992 about 62.1 million people were enrolled in elementary and secondaryschools and institutions of higher education, about 1.1 million more thanthe number enrolled in 1975.
Nursery school enrollment increased sharply between 1970 and 1992, fromabout 1.1 million to about 2.9 million children. This rise in nurseryschool enrollment may have occurred because of the increasingly recognizedvalue of preprimary education as well as the growth in employment outsidethe home of women with young children. College and university enrollmentalso increased substantially, from some 8.6 million students in 1970 to
14.5 million in 1992. The increase in enrollment in institutions of highereducation was primarily due to the growth in attendance by women. Of thetotal school enrollment in 1992, whites constituted about 83 percent,blacks about 10 percent, and Hispanic Americans (who may be of any race)about 7 percent.
Libraries
. The beginning ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .1-2
. Princeton University ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .2
. The College of William and Mary ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 2-7
. Yale University ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 7
. Rutgers College ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7-8
. Brown University ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 8-10
. University of Pensilvania ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 10-14
. Washington and Lee University ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .14-16
. Columbia University ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .16-22
. Other interesting information ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 22
. «Ivy League» ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 23-24
. Education and Culture ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 25
. Education ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .25-31
. Literature ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .32
. N. V. Bagramova.
T. I. Vorontsova.
«The book for reading in area studies. The United States of America
(country and people) »
« Publishers Soyuz », St. Petersburg, 2000 year.
. O. L. Soboleva.
«Students Encyclopedia. Russian language, Literature, Russian history,
English language. "
Moscow,« AST-PRESS », 2001 year.
. Internet.
Official web sites of the colleges and universities.
