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    Áåñïëàòíûå ðåôåðàòû
     

     

     

     

     

     

         
     
    ²äå¿ òà îáðàçè ñó÷àñíî¿ ïîå糿
         

     

    ˳òåðàòóðà ³ ðîñ³éñüêà ìîâà
    Êîëè â³ðø³ ñÿþòü äîñêîíàë³ñòþ,
    Âîíè äàðóþòü ÷èòà÷à áëàæåíñòâîì.
                         (Äæàì³)

             Ó 60-80-³ ðîêè â ðàäÿíñüêó ë³òåðàòóðó óâ³éøëè ïîåòè, ÿê³ ïðèíåñëè ç ñîáîþ ÷èìàëî íîâîãî ³ ðîçâèíóëè ñòàð³ òðàäèö³¿. гçíîìàí³òíà òåìàòèêà ¿õíüî¿ òâîð÷îñò³, à ïîåç³ÿ ãëèáîêî ë³ðè÷íà, ³íòèìíî.
            Àëå ³ òåìà Áàòüê³âùèíè í³êîëè íå ñõîäèëà ç³ ñòîð³íîê íàøî¿ ë³òåðàòóðè. ¯¿ îáðàçè, ïîâ'ÿçàí³ òî ç ïðèðîäîþ ð³äíîãî ñåëà, òî ç ì³ñöÿìè, äå âîþâàâ ëþäèíà, ìîæíà çíàéòè ÷è íå â êîæíîìó òâîð³. ² â êîæíîãî àâòîðà ñâîº ñïðèéíÿòòÿ ïðî â³ä÷óòòÿ Áàòüê³âùèíè.
            Ïðîíèêëèâ³ ðÿäêè ïðî Ðîñ³þ çíàõîäèìî ìè â Ìèêîëè Ðóáöîâà (1936-1971 ðð..), ßêèé â³ä÷óâຠñåáå í³áè ñïàäêîºìöåì áàãàòîâ³êîâî¿ ðîñ³éñüêî¿ ³ñòîð³¿. Êðèòèêè ââàæàþòü, ùî òâîð÷³ñòü öüîãî ïîåòà ïîºäíàëî â ñîá³ òðàäèö³¿ ðîñ³éñüêî¿ ïîå糿 XIX-XX ñòîë³òü - Òþò÷åâà, Ôåòà, Áëîêà, ªñåí³íà.
            Ó â³ðø³ "Áà÷åííÿ íà ïàãîðá³" Ðóáöîâ ïèøå:

                                                                      Ðîñ³ÿ, Ðóñü - êóäè ÿ íå ãëÿíó ...
                                                                      Çà âñ³ òâî¿ ñòðàæäàííÿ ³ áèòâè
                                                                      Ëþáëþ òâîþ, Ðîñ³ÿ, ñòàðîâèíó,
                                                                      Òâî¿ ë³ñè, ïîãîñòè ³ ìîëèòâè,
                                                                      Ëþáëþ òâî¿ õàòèíêè ³ êâ³òè,
                                                                      ² íåáåñà, íåãàéí³ â³ä ñïåêè,
                                                                      ² øåï³ò âåðá ó îìóòíîé âîäè
                                                                      Ëþáëþ íàâåê, äî â³÷íîãî ñïîêîþ ...
                                                                      Ðîñ³ÿ, Ðóñü! Áåðåæè ñåáå, áåðåæè !...< br>
            Ç â³÷íèìè òåìàìè ó íàøèõ ñó÷àñíèê³â íåçì³ííî àñîö³þºòüñÿ òà ³ì'ÿ Ðàñóëà Ãàìçàòîâà (1923 ð³ê).
    ²íîä³ ïðî íüîãî ãîâîðÿòü, ùî éîãî ïîäàëüøèé øëÿõ âàæêî ïåðåäáà÷èòè. Íàñò³ëüêè íåñïîä³âàíå â³í â êîæí³é ñâî¿é êíèç³: â³ä êðèëàòèõ æàðò³â äî òðàã³÷íèõ "Æóðàâë³â", â³ä ïðîçîâî¿ "åíöèêëîïå䳿" "̳é Äàãåñòàí" äî àôîðèçì³â "Íàïèñè íà êèíäæàëàõ". Àëå âñå æ òàêè íåâàæêî âèîêðåìèòè òåìè, íà ÿêèõ òðèìàºòüñÿ éîãî ïîåç³ÿ. Öå-â³ääàí³ñòü Áàòüê³âùèí³, ïîâàãó äî ñòàðøèõ, ñõèëÿííÿ ïåðåä æ³íêîþ, ìàò³ð'þ, ã³äíå ïðîäîâæåííÿ ñïðàâè áàòüêà.
                                                                  Âñüîìó ÿ íà ñâ³ò³ ëþáëþ ñâîþ ì³ðó:
                                                                  ² çàâòðà, ³ ï³âäíÿ, ³ ñóò³íêàõ ñ³ðèì,
                                                                  ² â ñíè, ³ ñïîêîþ, ³ ï³ñíÿì ñòàðîâèííèì,
                                                                  ² íàâ³òü òðàâ³ â íàøèõ ã³ðñüêèõ âåðøèíàõ.
                                                                  Àëå ò³ëüêè â îäíîìó íå õî÷ó ÿ ìåæ³ -
                                                                  Ó âèðóþ÷îìó êèï³ííÿ óëþáëåíî¿ ñïðàâè ...

            Â÷èòóþ÷èñü ó â³ðø³ ³ Ðóáöîâà, ³ Ãàìçàòîâà, òà ³íøèõ, áà÷èø âåëè÷åçíèé æèòòºâèé äîñâ³ä ëþäèíè, ÿêèé ó ñâî¿õ â³ðøàõ âèðàæຠòå, ùî âàæêî âèñëîâèòè íàì. ² ùå áà÷èø îñîáèñòó ïðè÷åòí³ñòü ç äîëÿìè ð³äíî¿ çåìë³.
            Òåìà â³éíè, çäàâàëîñÿ á, äàâíî ìèíóëîìó, ³ çàðàç, àëå, ìîæëèâî, âæå ïî-³íøîìó, îñìèñëåíà, çíàõîäèòü â³äîáðàæåííÿ ó â³ðøàõ ñó÷àñíèõ ïîåò³â. Áàãàòî ç íèõ ñàì³ ïåðåæèëè â³éíó. "Ó ¿õ ðÿäêàõ ïåðåìîæíà ̳äü ñïëàâè ç ñð³áëîì íàéòîíøèõ ñòàí³â äóõó. ¯õ ë³ðèêà í³æíà ³ æåñòêîâàòà, ÿê êîëþ÷å øèíåëüíå ñóê-
    àëå ", - îáðàçíî ïîì³òèâ îäèí ç êðèòèê³â. Âñå ÷àñò³øå â îïèñ³ â³éíè âîíè â³äõîäÿòü â³ä "ðîìàíòèêè áîþ ³ ðèçèêó", ìàëþþ÷è êàðòèíè íåëþäñüêîñò³ âîºí. Îñü â³ðø îäíîãî ç ÷óäîâèõ ïîåò³â Îëåêñ³ÿ Ïðàñîëîâà (1930-1972 ãã.) "Òðèâîãà â³éñüêîâîãî ë³òà ...".< br>
                                                                        ... Ïîñï³øàþòü ñàí³òàðè ç ðîçâàíòàæåííÿì,
                                                                        Çà á³ëîìó ÷åðâîíèì - õðåñòè.
                                                                        Íîñèëêè ëÿêàþ÷å âóçüê³,
                                                                        À ïðîñòèðàäëà ñìåðòíî ÷èñò³ ...
                                                                        ... Êëàäóòü ³ êëàäóòü ¿õ ðÿäàìè,
                                                                        Íàñêð³çíèõ â³ä áåñêðîâüÿ ëþäåé.
                                                                        Ïðèéìè öåé âèãëÿä ñòðàæäàííÿ
                                                                        Äóøåþ ïðèíèøêëè òâ.

            Íàö³îíàëüíà êóëüòóðà, ¿¿ íåïîâòîðíèé êîëîðèò ³ áàãàòñòâî ... Ó ñó÷àñí³é ïîå糿 íàðîäí³ ³äå¿ òà îáðàçè çáàãà÷óþòüñÿ, íàáóâàþòü íîâ³ àêöåíòè. Ñüîãîäí³ ë³òåðàòóðà íå ìîæå, íå ìຠïðàâà íå áóòè íàö³îíàëüíîþ.
            Ö³êàâèé ó öüîìó â³äíîøåíí³ êàëìèöüêèé ïîåò Äàâèä Êóãóëüò³íîâ (íàðîäèâñÿ â 1922 ðîö³). Íà äóìêó êðèòèê³â, "Äàâèä Êóãóëüò³íîâ â쳺 ñâîºð³äíå, íåïîâòîðíå ñïàäùèíà êàëìèöüêî¿ íàðîäíî¿ ïîå糿 ïåðåâò³ëèòè â îáðàçè, ñïîâíåí³ ñó÷àñíîãî çì³ñòó ³ çíà÷åííÿ". Òàê³ éîãî ïîåìè ïðî âèòÿç³ Åäåí, ïðî çàõîïëåíî¿ ëþáîâ³ ñï³âàêà Äæàëåñó ³ ïðåêðàñíîþ Êåðìåí, ïîåìè "Ñàð-Ãåðåë", "Êîð³íü".

                                                                 Êîëè çðîçó쳺ø, ùî òè â ñåáå âì³ñòèâ
                                                                 Âåñü çåìíó êóëþ, âåñü öåé ñâ³ò
                                                                                                                    áåçìåæíèé, -
                                                                 Òè â öüîìó ëèøå ïðèçíàéñÿ ïîòàé,
                                                                 À â³ä ³íøèõ õîâàé ó ì³ðó ñèë,
                                                                 Ùîá íå ââàæàëè çà âèçíàííÿ ïîõâàëüáà,
                                                                 Ùîá íå ñì³ÿëèñÿ ëþäè íàä òîáîþ ...
                                                                 Àäæå ëþäèíó ëþäèíîþ ÷èñëÿòü,
                                                                 Êîëè âåñü ñâ³ò âì³ñòèòü â³í ³ îñìèñëèòü.

            Îäíà ç ãîëîâíèõ ³äåé ñó÷àñíî¿ ïîå糿 - ãðîìàäÿíñüê³ñòü, ãîëîâí³ ðîçäóìè - ñîâ³ñò³ ³ îáîâ'ÿçîê. Äî ïîåòàì ãðîìàäñüêèõ îá'ºäíàíü, ïàòð³îòàì, ãðîìàäÿíàì íàëåæèòü ªâãåí ªâòóøåíêî (íàðîäèâñÿ â 1933 ðîö³). Éîãî òâîð÷³ñòü - ðîçäóìè ïðî ñâîº ïîêîë³ííÿ, ïðî äîáðîòó ³ çëîñò³, ïðî ïðèñòîñóâàíñòâî, áîÿãóçòâ³, êàð'ºðèçì³ ³ ï³äëîñò³.

                                                                 Ìè çíàëè ãîëîäó òà õîëîäó,
                                                                 Íàñ êîð÷èâ òèô, äóøèëà íàñ ðîçðóõà.
                                                                 Àëå â³ðþ - ñòàâèòè ð³÷ ïîíàä äóõó
                                                                 Íàì íå äîçâîëèòü ñîâ³ñòü í³êîëè ...
                                                                 ... Ðå÷³ òåêó÷³, íà÷å âîäà.
                                                                 Ðå÷³ - çëîâ³ñíî.
                                                                 Ìóæí³ñòü, ñîâ³ñòü, ÷åñòü - öå òàê! - Ðå÷³!

            Ïîåç³þ îñòàíí³õ äåñÿòèë³òü â³äð³çíÿº âåëèêå ðîçìà¿òòÿ òèì, ¿é âëàñòèâèé äóæå âåëèêå îõîïëåííÿ ÿâèù, ä³àïàçîí ¿¿ ïðîáëåì âèêëþ÷íî øèðîêèé. Öå îñîáëèâî íàî÷íî âèäíî íà ïðèêëàä³ òâîð÷îñò³ Âîëîäèìèðà Âèñîöüêîãî (1938-1980 ðð..). "Ñï³âàþ÷èé íåðâ åïîõè", â³í ïèñàâ ïðî âñå, â³í áóâ í³áè ëàêìóñîâèì ïàï³ðöåì íàøîãî ñóñï³ëüñòâà. Çäàâàëîñÿ, í³ùî ïîãàíå íå ìîæå âèñëèçíóòè â³ä éîãî ïåðà, çäàâàëîñÿ, ùî â³í ïîñòàâèâ ñîá³ çà ìåòó - "äî îñòàííüî¿ ìåæ³, äî õðåñòà, ñïåðå÷àòèñÿ äî õðèïîòè, à çà íåþ - í³ìîòà, ïåðåêîíóâàòè ³ äîâîäèòè ç ï³íîþ á³ëÿ ðîòà, ùî íå òå öå çîâñ³ì ; íå òîé ³ íå òà ...".< br>         ² â³í ñïåðå÷àâñÿ, áîðîâñÿ çà ñïðàâåäëèâ³ñòü, íåíàâèä³â ì³ùàíñòâî, íåùàäíî êàðòàâ íåäîë³êè. "Â³í ³ìïðîâ³çóâàâ, çàõîïëþâàâñÿ, ïåðåá³ëüøóâàâ, áóâ ëþäèíà æîðñòîêà ³ íàñìåøë³â, äðàòóâàâ ³ âèêðèâàâ, ñõâàëþâàâ ³ ï³äòðèìàé-âàë", - ãîâîðèâ Ð. гçäâÿíèé.
            Ñüîãîäí³ íåçë³÷åíí³ ïðîáëåìè, êîòð³ ñòàëè íà øëÿõó ñóñï³ëüñòâà, çíàõîäÿòü âñå á³ëüø ïîâíå â³äîáðàæåííÿ ³ â ïîå糿. Âñå ÷àñò³øå çâó÷àòü ç³ ñòîð³íîê æóðíàë³â â³ðø³ ïðî æåðòâè ðåïðåñ³ºþ, ïðî ïîâåðíåííÿ íàðîäó ³ñòîðè÷íèõ ö³ííîñòåé.

                                                                 ²ñòîð³þ àí³ñê³ëüêè íå øêîäóþ÷è,
                                                                 ² äî ïðàä³äàì áåç íàëåæíî¿ óâàãè
                                                                 Ìè âóëèöÿìè ³ ïëîùàìè äðåâí³ì
                                                                 Ëåãêî âðó÷àºìî íîâ³ íàçâè.
                                                                 ... Êîëè ìè ïåðåñòóïèìî öþ ïèõó?
                                                                 Êîëè îö³íèìî ñëàâíèé ñïàäîê,
                                                                 Ïîäóìàºìî ñïî÷àòêó: õòî ìè º,
                                                                 ² ÷è¿ ìè º íà öüîìó á³ëîìó ñâ³ò³?
                                                                 ... Óÿâ³ìî æ, ÿê ï³ñëÿ, â ñâîþ ÷åðãó,
                                                                 Ñâ³ò ïîòð ãëîáàëüíèìè ñïðàâàìè,
                                                                 Íàùàäîê íàø â çàïàë³ ïåðåêðåñëèòü
                                                                 Íàðîäæåíà ³ íàçâàíå íàìè.
                                                                                                                             (²ãîð Ëÿï³í)

            Âñå á³ëüøå çàìèñëþºòüñÿ íàøå ñóñï³ëüñòâî íàä ìîðàëüíèìè ïèòàííÿìè: ÷îìó íå âèñòà÷ຠìèëîñåðäÿ ³ òàê áàãàòî æîðñòîêîñò³? ßê çàïîâíèòè íåäîë³ê ÷óéíîñò³, ïîñëàáèòè áàéäóæ³ñòü?
            
                                                                 Êóäè â³äë³òຠäóøà êàòà?
                                                                 Íà íåáî? Àëå ÿê çóñòð³òèñÿ áåç ñòðàõó
                                                                 Ç äóøåþ òîãî, õòî áóâ ïîñëàíèé íà ïëàõó,
                                                                 Êîìó ðîçäåð òè íà øè¿ ñîðî÷êó
                                                                 ² ì³ñöå çàñ³ê, ùîá âäàðèòè ç ïëå÷à?
                                                                                                                             (Ñåðã³é Òàñê)

                                                                 Á³ëÿ ñàìîãî ë³ñó
                                                                                      äâ³ ã³ðêèõ ñòîÿòü ³íòåðíàòó:
                                                                 Äèòÿ÷èé áóäèíîê óñ³ìà â³êíàìè
                                                                                      â áóäèíîê ïðåñòàð³ëèõ äèâèòüñÿ.
                                                                 ², áåòîííèõ îãîðîæ ¿õ íå ÷³ïàþ÷è, ïîâç êóäèñü
                                                                 Áåøêåòíà ëþäñüêà äîðîãà ëåòèòü.
                                                                                                                             (Íèíà Øåâöîâà)
            Ñó÷àñíà ïîåç³ÿ áàãàòà ô³ëîñîôñüêèìè ðîçäóìàìè ïðî ñüîãîäåííÿ ³ ìàéáóòíº, ïðî äîëþ ïëàíåòè ³ íàøî¿ êðà¿íè:

                                                                            Ëåòÿòü "àôãàíö³" â ãðîáàõ,
                                                                            Êðàäåòüñÿ ÑÍ²Ä â ì³ñòàõ -
                                                                            Íåâæå ñòðàøíà ïîìñòà?
                                                                            Òèñÿ÷îë³òòÿ Ðóñ³ -
                                                                            Òèñÿ÷îë³òòÿ äóø³.
                                                                            Íàñòàâ ¿é ÷àñ âîñêðåñòü.
                                                                                                                              (Àíäð³é Âîçíåñåíñüêèé) ˳ðèêà - äóøà ïîå糿, â³ÿëî îáðàç³â, âèõîð ³äåé. Öå çàâæäè ì𳿠³, çâè÷àéíî, ëþáîâ - ñàìà äðåâíÿ òåìà ïîåò³â.

                                                                      Âñ³ çàêîõàí³ ñõèëüí³ äî âòå÷³
                                                                      Çà êèëèìîâ³é äîð³æö³, ïî ñí³ãó,
                                                                      Çà êàì³ííþ, ïî õâèëÿõ, ïî øîñå,
                                                                      Íà òàêñ³, íà îäíîìó êîëåñ³,
                                                                      Áîñîí³æ, â êàéäàíàõ, â ÷åðåâèêàõ,
                                                                      Ç ÷åðâîíîþ Ðîçîþ ó ñëàáêèõ ðóêàõ.
                                                                                                                                    (Áóëàò Îêóäæàâà)

            À â³ä öüîãî â³ðøà íåâ³äîìîãî ìåí³ äîñ³ àâòîðà â³éíóëî ÷èìîñü äèâíî çíàéîìèì ³ â òîé æå ÷àñ íîâèì, ÷èìîñü Ëåðìîíòîâñüêèé. Âåñü â³ðø - îäèí îáðàç, îäíà ìåòàôîðà.

                                                                      Êâ³ò³â ô³îëåòîâèõ àáî á³ëèõ
                                                                      Ó ñàäàõ ïîðîæí³õ ³ ïðîìåðòâåëèõ
                                                                      ×è íå òðèìຠíàä ñîáîþ áóçîê.
                                                                      Çàòå ÿê áàãàòî ëèñòÿ ö³ëèõ,
                                                                      ×è íå ç³ðâàí³, íå ïîæîâêëà,
                                                                      Æèâèõ ñåðäå÷îê, ÷èñòèõ, ñì³ëèâèõ,
                                                                      Çàëèøåíî íà ÷îðíèé äåíü.
                                                                                                                          (Âàëåíòèí Áåðåñòîâ)

            Ó öèõ ê³ëüêîõ ðÿäêàõ âñÿ ô³ëîñîô³ÿ îíîâëåííÿ æèòòÿ.
            Ïðî ùî ùå ñêàçàòè? Íà ñì³õ ³ ñàòèðè, ÿêèìè ðàçÿò íåäîë³êè? Ïðî çâåðíåííÿ äî ³ñòîðèê³â ðîñ³éñüêîãî íàðîäó? "Ïðî ìîëèòâàõ" ³ çàêëèêàõ äî ìèðó? Áîþñÿ, ùî îäíå ïåðåðàõóâàííÿ òèì çàéìå áàãàòî ì³ñöÿ. À òâ³ð ïåðåòâîðèòüñÿ íà "àíòîëîã³þ" ñó÷àñíî¿ ïîå糿.
            Ìåí³ çäàºòüñÿ, ùî íàøà ïîåç³ÿ, ÿê ³ âñå ñóñï³ëüñòâî, â³äðîäæóºòüñÿ äî ïîøóêó íîâîãî, ñâ³òëîãî, â³÷íîãî, ùî ñêëàäຠîñíîâó ëþäñüêîãî äóõó!

         
     
         
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